This type of coordination will, among other benefits, identify enough animals of high potential in regard to a specific disease, such that a relatively small number of animals, prescreened as likely candidates, can be sequenced. In the context of NHP-based studies, it is important to note that centers such as the NPRCs maintain very detailed computerized animal records that include many of these data. Belmonte They summarize data for disorders associated with ovarian and uterine function and deleterious conditions associated with pregnancy. 2016). , Pinto da Silva S, Townend D, Sandoe P. Park NEAVS also works to educate the public, lawmakers, and others about the needs of primates used in research, International HapMap Consortium These conditions are correlated with negative health outcomes in humans, including development of autism and asthma. The United States is the only country that continues wide-scale housing of chimpanzees in laboratories and permits their use in invasive research. Believe it or not: How much can we rely on published data on potential drug targets? Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. This article discusses various approaches toward therapies developed in NHPs that are in the early clinical trial stage in humans. Kept in sterile environments with little attention or enrichment, treated roughly for not cooperating, and transported under unacceptable conditions, the pain and distress that animals used in research experience actually starts long before they enter a laboratory. Neeves Lab , Miller P. Bayne JD , Raboin MJ, Letaw J, Nevonen KA, Spindel JE, McCouch SR, Cervera-Juanes R, Spindel E, Carbone L, Ferguson B. Bimber The US National Research Council Institute for Laboratory Animal Research and the National Center for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research in the United Kingdom have provided guidance to journal editors, authors, and reviewers regarding information that should be included in publications relating to experimental animals (National Research Council 2011; Kilkenny et al. New technologies, alternatives, and clinical and epidemiological studies in humans can provide us better, more relevant answers without causing animal suffering. Lisa Miller and colleagues review the role of NHP preclinical models for understanding and treating a number of severe respiratory conditions, including damage to the airway associated with inhaled ozone and tobacco smoke, diseases associated with airway inflammation (asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), and infection with viruses such as influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome virus, and others. 2014; other examples reviewed by Hewitt et al. NHP sequencing efforts currently are being pursued in multiple laboratories, but, in general, are not coordinated among laboratories. [48], In the 21st century billions of animals have been used for human's benefit through animal testing of consumer products, in the United States and dozens of other countries. Recent examples include the influence of the animal rights organizations on the NIH decision to prohibit research using chimpanzees (Reardon 2015, see also commentary in this issue by Veazey and Lackner 2017 and Lanford et al. Cox This article provides a detailed review of the use of NHP preclinical models to study several aspects of conditions associated with metabolic syndrome, including glucose resistance, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. . LA The New England Anti-Vivisection Society (NEAVS) is a national, registered 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization "dedicated to ending the use of animals in research, testing, and science education" and replacing them with "modern alternatives that are ethically, humanely, and scientifically superior. Approximately 2000 animals were transferred, without loss of a single animal; specific pathogen-free animals remained free of viruses. However, despite a relative lack of supply, investigators were able to develop a macaque-based model to help understand pathogenesis (Dudley et al. If the three-stage model of human translational research is used as a reference (Rubio et al. For nearly 20 years, Coulston conducts invasive experiments on chimpanzees. John D Harding, Nonhuman Primates and Translational Research: Progress, Opportunities, and Challenges, ILAR Journal, Volume 58, Issue 2, 2017, Pages 141150, https://doi.org/10.1093/ilar/ilx033. Biomedical researchers attempt to answer basic questions about human biology and apply those findings to improve human health. JE For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. Takibana Search for other works by this author on: Trial watch: Phase II and Phase III attrition rates, 20112012, Raise standards for preclinical cancer research, Whole-genome characterization in pedigreed non-human primates using genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) and imputation, Whole genome sequencing predicts novel human disease models in rhesus macaques, Naturally-occurring nonhuman primate models of psychosocial processes, Contributions of non-human primates to neuroscience research, Progress and prospects for genetic modification of nonhuman primate models in biomedical research, Genome editing in nonhuman primates: Approach to generating human disease models, Functional disruption of the dystrophin gene in rhesus monkey using CRISPR/Cas9, Exome screening to identify loss-of-function mutations in the rhesus macaque for development of preclinical models of human disease, Baboons as a model to study genetics and epigenetics of human disease, Nonhuman primates and translational researchcardiovascular disease, Marmosets are stars of Japans ambitious brain project, A rhesus macaque model of Asian-lineage Zika virus infection, Translational research in the nonhuman primate model of tuberculosis, Comparison of the Canadian and US laws, regulations, policies and systems of oversight for animals in research, Progress in genetics and genomics of nonhuman primates, Genomic tools for the use of nonhuman primates in translational research, Use and importance of nonhuman primates in metabolic disease research: Current state of the field, Clinical development success rates for investigational drugs, Accelerating biomedical discoveries through rigor and transparency, A second generation human haplotype map of over 3.1 million SNPs, Development and validation of a SNP-based assay for inferring the genetic ancestry of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta), TALEN-based generation of a cynomolgus monkey disease model for human microcephaly, Improving bioscience research reporting: The ARRIVE guidelines for reporting animal research, The chimpanzee model of viral hepatitis: Advances in understanding the immune response and treatment of viral hepatitis, Autism-like behaviors and germline transmission in transgenic monkeys overexpressing MeCP2, The next step in translational research: Lessons learned from the first preclinical randomized controlled trial, Bringing genome-wide association findings into clinical use, In retrospect: A decade of shared genomic associations, Advances in vision science and prevention of blindness using nonhuman primates, National Association for Biomedical Research, National Research Council (US) Institute for Laboratory Animal Research, Laboratory animal laws, regulations, guidelines and standards in China Mainland, Japan and Korea, Protecting animals and enabling research in the European Union: An overview of development and implementation of directive 2010/63/EU, Generation of transgenic marmosets expressing genetically encoded calcium indicators. Begley , Zhang XF, Choi SH, Okahara J, Sasaki E, Silva AC. Laura Cox and colleagues provide a detailed review of the use of NHPs to study several aspects of cardiovascular disease (CVD). As this article was being written, the US Food and Drug Administration temporarily suspended research aimed at understanding aspects of nicotine addiction using squirrel monkeys, apparently based on a direct request of the primatologist, Dr. Jane Goodall, to the FDA Commissioner (McGinley 2017). "[5], In anticipation of his retirement, Amory appointed a nominating committee that chose psychologist and former NEAVS board member, Theodora Capaldo, EdD, to succeed him. Another example from the field of HIV/AIDS relates to the successful development of antiviral therapy (ART) that has turned HIV infection from one that is invariably fatal to one that can be ameliorated by the use of drugs. Animal Data Is Not Reliable for Human Health Research McGinley . Cruelty Free International works to end the use of animals in product testing worldwide. The Endangered Lab Chimp | Science This article deals with global trends and guidelines followed by different countries in scientific research. 2017 and references therein). TA WebThe Experimental Use of Chickens and Other Birds in Biomedical and Agricultural Research by Karen Davis, PhD, President of United Poultry Concerns, was graciously funded by the Department of Health, Office of Newborn Screening. S The sudden emergence of a pathogen such as Zika or Ebola virus can cause problems related to supply and demand, since rapid response to these infections often requires use of specific types of animals in excess of plans in place at the time. WebIn 2010, the European Commission passed legislation to prohibit the use of great apes in biomedical research. Alternatives to Laboratory Animals (ATLA), 36(4), 381-428. A major challenge for the research community is to find means to communicate with the public and the US Congress and executive branch more clearly and decisively regarding the importance of the animal-based investigations that are the current basis of translational research. In contrast, the demand for rhesus and cynomolgus macaques has been relatively constant over the past several years. In many cases, preclinical investigations that have avoided use of NHPs have failed, for example for development of therapies for tuberculosis (Foreman et al. An independent non-profit Vascular Ultrasound Society In addition, the rigor of the requirements for animal protection (for example for cage sizes) and welfare has, in my opinion, not been described in sufficient detail for these Asian centers. However, although clinical studies remain a central focus of human medical research, and the use of alternatives is increasing, there is still an over-reliance on the use of animals in research. In some cases, animals can be moved to the continental United States from offshore sites by charter companies. The rhesus macaque, which is the species most frequently used by academic investigators in the United States, can be obtained from the NPRCs, CROs, and other US centers, with reasonable waiting times. Hay E Promising approaches for developing immunogens and adjuvants must now be reapplied to NHP models to develop more efficacious vaccines that can then be retested in humans. These authors review the objectives of a typical enhancement plan for animals, relevant outcome measures, challenges, costs, and benefits. National Association for Biomedical Research 2015). Fish and Wildlife Service to list captive chimpanzees as endangered along with wild chimpanzees,[39] and lobbying for the Great Ape Protection and Cost Savings Act (GAPCSA) that would end invasive research on chimpanzees and retire all federally owned chimpanzees to sanctuary. American Anti-Vivisection Society 2023. KKA 2017). WebNATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH reported its two largest programs on its FY 2020 Form 990 as: $802,445 Spent in most recent FY 66% Percent of program The relatively large size of NHPs can also be important for sample collection, application of diagnostic assays, and imaging (see e.g., Havel et al. AV Magazine. Highly visible organizations, such as the Humane Society of the United States (http://www.humanesociety.org/) and the New England Anti-Vivisection Society (http://www.neavs.org/), called here, for shorthand, animal rights organizations, actively oppose animal-based research. Spring 2005. Our mission is two-fold: (1) To train the next generation of independent scientists and engineers in an inclusive and fun environment. Marina Emborg summarizes the features of three major neurodegenerative disorders: Alzheimers, Parkinsons, and Huntingtons diseases. The USA is the only significant user of chimpanzees in biomedical research in the world, since many [6], Under Capaldo, the board and staff developed and attempted to implement a succession of new strategies with which to achieve the organization's sole mission of ending the use of animals in science and replacing them with non-animal and scientifically superior alternatives. NATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH There is a distinct disconnect between the very high level of support of the pubic for medical research aimed at ameliorating disease and the discomfort of many with the animal-based research that is essential for development of pharmaceuticals and vaccines.