The sandy desert in the very east of Uzbekistan, covering a territory of about 5,5 million hectares (Summary report on the LDN target setting programme in the Republic of Uzbekistan, 2019), the former Aral Sea left behind, is now widely referred to as the Aralkum desert (Fig. Between 1990 and 2005, the amount of forested land in Honduras, for instance, dropped 37 percent.As habitats shrink, fewer individuals can live there. Available at: https://www.protectedplanet.net/555703544, UNEP-WCMC (2022b) Protected Area Profile for Saigachiy Complex (landscape) reserve from the World Database of Protected Areas. For Trees Livelihoods 18:373386. Last year, officials announced that eight species had gone extinct. There is the Cassia crossbill, a finch with a twisty beak found in a single county in Idaho. Oxford University Press, New York: 2000 https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.CH.2021.PARKS-27-SIBO.en, Parra G, Guerrero F, Armengol J, Brendonck L, Brucet S, Finlayson CM, Zohary T (2021) The future of temporary wetlands in drylands under global change. First Aral sea basin program (ASBP-1). If you have questions about licensing content on this page, please contact ngimagecollection@natgeo.com for more information and to obtain a license. Areas permanently protected for biodiversity. Shrublands/afforested areas, to which the sandy seabed is planned to be converted to, are reported to maximize sand fixation and minimize erosion (Lw, et al., 2021), (Kim, et al., 2020). Biomes are characterized by their climate, which determines the particular plants found there. Extinction is a natural process; some species naturally die out while new speciesevolve. Biodiversity can include everything from towering redwood trees to tiny, single-cellalgaethat are impossible to see without a microscope.Kinds of BiodiversityA common way to measure biodiversity is to count the total number of species living within a particular area.Tropicalregions, areas that are warm year-round, have the most biodiversity.Temperateregions, which have warm summers and cold winters, have less biodiversity. The Rights Holder for media is the person or group credited. An ecosystem is a region where a bubble of life is created by plants, animals, and other organisms interacting with the weather, environment, and other factors.Abiotic variables, or nonliving components, coexist with biotic components in ecosystems. https://aral.uz/en/asbp1/, Agency of the International Fund for Saving the Aral Sea. As per the table ecosystem, X has the highest diversity. Both the ecosystem and the human population of the region are under considerable pressure due to the consequences of the Aral Sea desiccation. Reports also state that areas covered by drylands are expected to substantially expand by the end of the 21st century reaching almost 60% of the global land coverage (UNCCD, 2017), (Prvlie, 2016), (Feng & Fu, 2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2017.07.012, Toderich KN, Shuyskaya EV, Rajabov TF, Ismail S, Shaumarov M, Yoshiko K, Li EV (2013a) Uzbekistan: Rehabilitation of desert rangelands affected by salinity, to improve food security, combat desertification and maintain the natural resource base. A single coral reef can shelter 3,000 species of fish and other sea creatures such as clams and sea stars. W - low niche diversity and warm water temperatures. The non-systematic review primarily focused on the grey literature (i.e., the IUCN handbooks and guidance, as well as the UN resolution papers). Along with a newly formed desert ecosystem, the desiccation has brought about a number of environmental, social and economic challenges to the region, impacting millions of people residing in the Aral Sea basin (Lemly, Kingsford, & Thompson, 2000). Available at: https://www.protectedplanet.net/555703562, UNEP-WCMC (2023) Protected Area Profile for Sudochye-Akpetki State Wildlife Sanctuary from the World Database on Protected Areas. California is leading the way in tackling some of these challenges. At first glance, we can identify different plants, including cattails and water lilies. Scientists estimate that species are dying out at hundreds of times the natural rate.A major reason for the loss of biodiversity is that natural habitats are being destroyed. Its why some people have brown eyes and some people have blue eyes.Greater genetic diversity in species can make plants and animals more resistant todiseases. Our future depends on it. From Borneo to the Andes and pole to pole, Earths plants and animals cling to dwindling habitat and edge closer to extinctiona global biodiversity crisis crying out for action. For instance, local residents in Muynak region of Karakalpakstan get hired by the State Forestry Committee to collect the seeds of saxaul plants on a seasonal basis. The focal case study areathe Aral Seaprimarily transitioned from one of the largest inland water bodies in the world into a sandy desert over the course of several decades, still contains the small remnant southern Aral Sea, the existence of which remains under threat due to the absence of water inflow and high evaporation rates. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002679910039, Li J, Chen H, Zhang C, Pan T (2019) Variations in ecosystem service value in response to land use/land cover changes in Central Asia from 1995-2035. Some of the activities have direct effects on species and ecosystems, such as habitat loss and degradation, overexploitation (such as overfishing), and the spread of non-native species and diseases. Because brown tree snakes have no predators on Guam, they quickly multiplied. o adaptive immune system Photo credit: NASA Earth Observatory, Google Earth. The term nature-based solutions is relatively new, hence more evidence-based documentation of success stories around the world is needed to validate both cost-efficiency and long-term applicability of these practices, especially in those regions with newly formed ecosystems like the Aralkum. However, the long-term impact of drainage water, most importantly its quality, on the biodiversity of wetlands does not seem to have been thoroughly examined to tell whether the approach can be justified. However, to date there has been no focused and systematic review of the application of NbS in drylands, despite their importance. Construction, agriculture, and food and beverages are the largest highly nature-dependent industries, with an economic value roughly twice the size of Germany's economy; China, the EU and the US have the highest absolute economic value in nature-dependent industries Review of Nature-based Solutions in Dryland Ecosystems: the Aral Sea Case Study, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-023-01822-z, Scientific Mapping of Research on Nature-based Solutions for Sustainable Water Management, Representation of biodiversity and ecosystem services in East Africas protected area network, The effectiveness of climate action and land recovery across ecosystems, climatic zones and scales, Grassland ecosystem services: a systematic review of research advances and future directions, Reasons to rename the UNCCD: Review of transformation of the political concept through the influence of science, Biodiversity/ecosystem services scenario exercises from the AsiaPacific: typology, archetypes and implications for sustainable development goals (SDGs), Bridging theory and practice in ecosystem services mapping: a systematic review, Exploring Canadian Ramsar Sites Ecosystem Governance and Sustainability, Planning nature-based solutions: Principles, steps, and insights, https://aral.uz/en/creation-of-small-local-water-bodies-in-the-delta-of-amudarya/, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00343-018-8189-z, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2014.03.001, https://doi.org/10.1080/21580103.2019.1705401, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2008.03.015, https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2020-2-51-59, https://doi.org/10.1080/24749508.2021.1923271, https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139177788.021, https://www.cbd.int/pa/doc/dossiers/uzbekistan-abt11-country-dossier2021.pdf, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2019.04.014, https://doi.org/10.1080/09640568.2014.996283, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-011-0262-5, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.126680, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-10081-2013, https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-021-01241-2, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139693, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148515, https://www.iucn.org/sites/dev/files/drylands_and_land_degradation_issues_brief_0.pdf, https://doi.org/10.2305/iucn.ch.2020.09.en, https://doi.org/10.2305/iucn.ch.2020.08.en, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.012, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-005-4677-1, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147058, https://doi.org/10.1080/14728028.2008.9752644, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136060, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2009.04.022, https://doi.org/10.1080/15481603.2021.2009232, https://doi.org/10.1017/s0030605311001608, https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.CH.2021.PARKS-27-1KM.en, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2011.10.004, https://doi.org/10.1080/15324982.2018.1496187, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2020.09.001, https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.CH.2021.PARKS-27-SIBO.en, https://doi.org/10.1080/20442041.2021.1936865, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-020-00836-4, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2016.08.003, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2021.112695, https://doi.org/10.1080/15324982.2013.855958, https://www.fao.org/3/i3794en/I3794en.pdf, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2013.05.007, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5367-9_16, https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/629/1/012085, https://knowledge.unccd.int/sites/default/files/ldn_targets/2019-04/Uzbekistan, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2020.118906, https://rsis.ramsar.org/sites/default/files/rsiswp_search/exports/Ramsar-Sites-annotated-summary-Uzbekistan.pdf?1647505458, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2017.07.012, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6652-5_13, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5684-7_38, https://www.protectedplanet.net/555703544, https://www.protectedplanet.net/555703562, https://www.protectedplanet.net/555703557. Over the history of the planet, most of the species that ever existed evolved and then gradually went extinct. Glob Change Biol 26:61346155. Current research is funded by Darwin Initiatives Resurrection Island: enterprise, conservation and development around the Aral Sea project (project number 28-003). However, it is notable that agroforestry in croplands has been erroneously proposed as an afforestation measure in some papers reviewed. humans are speeding extinction at a disastrous pace, according to the United States Geological Survey, published in the journal Ecological Applications. High niche diversity refers to the presence of multiple traits in the same or different species, which is a characteristic of ecosystems with a high biodiversity. Parks 27:712. Across the continental United States, private land makes up almost 70 percent of areas with important concentrations of unprotected imperiled species, the researchers found. Its part of a larger global push, known as 30x30, to protect more land and water worldwide. On a much smaller scale, one can study biodiversity within a pond ecosystem or a neighborhood park. Part of Springer Nature. Organisms that have evolved to be so different from one another that they can no longer reproduce with each other are considered different species. This may not be a promising investment in terms of time, human and financial resources unless timely post-afforestation monitoring and R&D on the quality of land is ensured. It is one of many efforts to measure biodiversity in the United States and around the world. A final set of 106 papers were retained and read in their entirety. Nearly half of the Asian continent is covered by drylands, which contributes to an estimated 34% of the worlds drylands. It can be used more specifically to refer to all of the speciesin one region or ecosystem. They also provide food, shade, construction material, medicines, andfiberfor clothing and paper. The final list was formed based on the recently formalized definition of nature-based solutions by the IUCN neglecting small-scale interventions, which in some cases the authors considered to represent NbS. Theroot systemof plants helps prevent flooding. When you reach out to him or her, you will need the page title, URL, and the date you accessed the resource. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-021-01241-2, Gmez Martn, E, Giordano, R, Pagano, A, van der Keur, P, & Mez Costa, M (2020) Using a system thinking approach to assess the contribution of nature based solutions to sustainable development goals. FAO Forestry Paper No. The governments of Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan have been undertaking large-scale afforestation activities on the dried-out Aral Seabed over the past several decadesFootnote 1 to mitigate the impacts of frequent dust storms both on the population and the environment. The water consumption associated with afforestation is another issue that needs to be further evaluated (Tew, Vanguelova, & Sutherland, 2021), (Yao, Fu, Liu, Wang, & Song, 2021), (An, Chang, Han, Khamzina, & Son, 2020), as there is a high threat of depleting groundwater resources in dry areas through afforestation (Kumar, Khamzina, Knfel, Lamers, & Tischbein, 2021), (Zhang, Sun, Huettmann, & Liu, 2022). Saigachiy complex (landscape) nature reserveFootnote 4 total area; 6283km2, year of designation: 2016. Wang B, Yan H, Xue Z, Batunacun Liu G (2022) Nature-Based Solutions Benefit the EconomicEcological Coordination of Pastoral Areas: An Outstanding Herdsmans Experience in Xilin Gol, China. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15645, CBD-UNDP (2021). We go on to specifically consider the possibility of applying selected NbS approaches in the Aral Sea region of Uzbekistan, as a case study of a dryland ecosystem illustrating major environmental and social challenges. Invasive species. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2011.10.004, Matsui K, Watanabe T, Kussainova M, Funakawa S (2019) Soil properties that determine the mortality and growth of Haloxylon aphyllum in the Aral region, Kazakhstan. Greater biodiversity in ecosystems, species, and individuals leads to greater stability. Overall, in our view, the most common possible issues of NbS application in the Aral Sea basin requiring further in-depth research are the following: Resilience of afforested areas to weather changes, temperature fluctuations, water availability and their long-term sustainability. The application of nature-based solutions, such as the large-scale afforestation of the Aral Seabed, potentially creates alternative income sources for the local population. Which part of the immune system immediately responds to infection or injury? J Mar Syst 76:359366. Rangeland/grassland restoration can reduce net soil CO2 emissions, conserve biodiversity, soil and water resources (Abdalla, Mutema, Chivenge, Everson, & Chaplot, 2022), (Li, Chen, Zhang, & Pan, 2019), and thus have a climate mitigating factor. The review has not returned specific rangeland rehabilitation methods or success stories in the Aral Sea basin. https://doi.org/10.1006/bioe.2001.0013, Roberts CM, OLeary BC, Hawkins JP (2020) Climate change mitigation and nature conservation both require higher protected area targets. All dogs are part of the same species, but their genes can dictate whether they are Chihuahua or a Great Dane. California has the most imperiled biodiversity of any state in the contiguous United States. Examples of grassland restoration activities given as NbS options, i.e., prohibition of grazing in some areas of China (Yao, Fu, Liu, Wang, & Song, 2021), were reported to have compromised herders income opportunities. With less biodiversity, these connections weaken and sometimes break, harming all the species in the ecosystem. Biodiversityrefers to all the different kinds of living organisms within a given area. x Ecosystems include deserts, grasslands, and rainforests. Environmental Management (2023). A half acre of rainforest would likely have greater biodiversity than a full acre of desert. Wetland restoration in the Aral Sea basin has a number of benefits both for the people and the biodiversity, and yet requires critical evaluation in terms of costs (e.g., water diversion, financial investments, sustainability, self-sustainment and etc.) Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. Ecosystems that host the most biodiversity tend to have ideal environmental conditions for plant growth, like the warm and wet climate of tropical regions. Animals eat plants. Others note features like potential wildlife corridors. Antarctica, covered almost entirely by anice sheet, has low biodiversity.Another way to measure biodiversity isgenetic diversity.Genes are the basic units of biological information passed on when living things reproduce. Fish and Wildlife Service; tricolored bat via Missouri Department of Conservation; Jollyville Plateau salamander via Piers Hendrie; Cockerell's bumblebee via Greg Ballmer; Sacramento Mountains thistle via Heather Hollis/U.S. . The most common cases of ecosystem-based approaches (Cohen-Shacham, et al., 2019), an alternative to NbS suggested widely in the literature reviewed, appeared to be afforestation, agroforestry and wetland restoration with the prevailing number of studies originating from China (Fig. Governance challenges in terms of cooperation among various agencies to effectively conduct research and development, and subsequent monitoring of interventions implemented. Later, the IUCN and the European Commission reframed NbS with the IUCNs definition being most cited (Cohen-Shacham, et al., 2019), and formally acknowledged recently by the UN during the fifth session of the United Nations Environment Assembly by adopting a Resolution on nature-based solutions for supporting sustainable development (UNEP, 2022). Based on the information in the chart. Savvy crows thrive among us, despite us and because of us. All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Due to its diversity of freshwater and marine ecosystems, the United States ranks particularly high in terms of fish species. Glob Change Biol 27:13281348. Even when species are protected under federal or state laws, they are typically more vulnerable outside of lands that are managed to protect biodiversity, Dr. Hamilton said. Of these, beetles are some of the most numerous species. Drylands, which are among the worlds most vulnerable areas to the impacts of climate change and cover a little less than the half of the global terrestrial surface, were the focus of this study. Shahzoda Alikhanova. There is scant evidence of research and development activities happening before or after afforestation in the Aralkum desert in the literature, beyond the publications cited above. In some cases, it has been demonstrated that protected areas can, among other things, provide human health benefits and thus can offset healthcare costs (Oberle, Mackinnon, & Sandwith, 2021). (2022) https://lex.uz/docs/5892355, Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan on the establishment of South Ustyurt National Park (in Uzbek language). The continent of Africa is home to tropical rainforests,alpinemountains, and dry deserts. Its sometimes assumed that wildlife in national forests is automatically protected. Given the multitude of environmental challenges the Aral Sea region countries are facing, sustainable and cost-efficient approaches are needed to secure the well-being of the local population and environmental resilience. J Mar Syst 92:4252. Agroforestry is mostly proposed to rehabilitate marginal and salt-affected irrigated lands. Biome is another name for a distinct type of ecosystem. Sci Total Environ 794. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148515, Huang J, Yu H, Dai A, Wei Y, Kang L (2017) Drylands face potential threat under global warming target. Identifying and understanding the relationships between all the life on Earth are some of the greatest challenges in science. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. They also study how many species exist in single ecosystems, such as a forest, grassland, tundra, or lake. Pollution, climate change, and population growth are all threats to biodiversity. LESNOY ZHURNAL-FORESTRY JOURNAL, 51-59. https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2020-2-51-59, Bekele T, Haile Y (2021) Intensification of climate change mitigation and adaptation actions through wetland conservation: the case of Ethiopian freshwater wetlands. Google Scholar, Aleksandrova M, Lamers JP, Martius C, Tischbein B (2014) Rural vulnerability to environmental change in the irrigated lowlands of Central Asia and options for policy-makers: A review. This in turn defines fish abundance and eventually impacts local biodiversity and livelihoods. 5. Cattle then produce manure that returns nutrients to the soil, which helps to grow more grass. This site is using cookies under cookie policy . When the biodiversity of an ecosystem is interrupted or destroyed, theeconomicimpact on the local community could be enormous.Biodiversity is especially important to the medical and pharmaceutical industries. Find out more information about biodiversity. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-10081-2013, Fernandes JP, Guiomar N (2018) Nature-based solutions: The need to increase the knowledge on their potentialities and limits. (2022a, April 15). http://nsdg.stat.uz/en, Thorslund J, Jarsjo J, Jaramillo F, Jawitz JW, Manzoni S, Basu NB, Destouni G (2017) Wetlands as large-scale nature-based solutions: Status and challenges for research, engineering and management. Number of studies covering NbS application in global drylands with selected examples. Wetland restoration is a promising tool in many areas that could potentially compete with afforestation/reforestation in terms of carbon sequestration and climate change mitigation potential (Taillardat, Thompson, Garneau, Trottier, & Friess, 2020), (Seddon, et al., 2020), (Tanneberger, et al., 2021). Only about 2,800 live in Canadas Quebecprovince.The warm waters of the western Pacific and Indian Oceans tend to be the most diversemarineenvironments. Protected areas, as a means of environmental restoration on a wider landscape scale by encompassing multiple ecosystem types, seem to have more of a quantity rather than a quality approach in Uzbekistan. The Texas Hill Country region southwest of Austin, growing fast and with little protected land, is one example. It can be studied on many levels. list the steps that are followed if a suspect's blood is found at a crime scene. J Environ Plan Manage 59:142162. The potential for rangelands to provide a basis for NbSgiven that they are one of the major potential carbon sinks in dryland areas such as the Aral Sea basinrequires detailed further research. Rangeland restoration is largely discussed as a climate mitigation option due to the carbon storage potential of grasslands (Yao, Fu, Liu, Wang, & Song, 2021), as well as a means of improved livelihood opportunities for the local pastoralists in degraded areas and a measure to combat desertification and land degradation (Toderich, et al., 2013a). Due to the impact of afforestation on soil carbon both positively and negatively (Seddon, et al., 2020), selection of appropriate sites and species turn out to be a key to success, but most importantly, afforestation should be implemented with the application of native and/or endemic species to avoid introduction of invasive alien species. The system is dynamic and thus offers a wide range of species. Restoration of wetlands in the Aral Sea basin would not just have an economic value for the local population, but also environmental benefits (Girardin, et al., 2021), and would substantially contribute to achieving the UN Sustainable Development Goals (Seifollahi-Aghmiuni, Nockrach, & Kalantari, 2019). Areas with extremely high levels of biodiversity are called hotspots. The issues with human-biodiversity interaction in wetlands, where artemia is grown and harvested, sustainability of yields, water availability and its quality yet need to be researched to comply with NbS criteria. It has also been documented that sub-soil conditions are at times more important than topsoil for tree growth (Matsui, Watanabe, Kussainova, & Funakawa, 2019). Biosyst Eng 81:334. Some species have as many as 400,000 genes. 2. https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/LTD/N21/115/89/pdf/N2111589.pdf? Warmer ocean temperatures damagefragileecosystems such as coral reefs. C. Ecosystems with more species diversity are more likely to recover after a disturbance than ecosystems with low species diversity. Alikhanova, S., Bull, J.W. For example, the grass in pastures feeds cattle. Arid Land Res Manag 33:3754. speech and language skills? Google Scholar, Djalilov BM, Khamzina A, Hornidge A-K, Lamers JP (2016) Exploring constraints and incentives for the adoption of agroforestry practices on degraded cropland in Uzbekistan. According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), globally about one third of all known species are threatened with extinction. Precious Heritage: The Status of Biodiversity in the United States. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.CH.2021.PARKS-27-1KM.en, Marden B, Van Stappen G, Musaev A, Mirabdullayev I, Joldasova I, Sorgeloos P (2012) Assessment of the production potential of an emerging Artemia population in the Aral Sea, Uzbekistan. However, it is worth underlining that the effectiveness of protected/conserved areas cannot be equated to their existence only, management is a key to ensuring both environmental and societal benefits are gained to qualify to be considered as a NbS. Invertebrates are animals without backbones, including insects, crustaceans, sponges, scorpions, and many other kinds of organisms. It exists in only two locations, one in southern Texas and the other in northern Mexico. As reported by Schlter, et al. 2006, Hooper et al. Officials may not know where they are. Department of Biology, University of Oxford, 11a Mansfield Road, OX1 3SZ, Oxford, UK, Shahzoda Alikhanova&Joseph William Bull, You can also search for this author in The Rights Holder for media is the person or group credited. Drylands cover over 45% of the global terrestrial area, and are home to nearly one-third of the global human population, 90% of which reside in developing countries (UNCCD, 2017), (IUCN, 2017), (Prvlie, 2016). Springer Netherlands. The researchers cited a variety of approaches, like tax incentives, to encourage the protection of certain species on private land. This single pixel includes six species, such as the tricolored bat, Golden-cheeked warbler and Jollyville Plateau salamander. As in the case above, the search results covered both English and Russian languages. You have not even scratched the surface of the biodiversity within the pond. The relative cost-efficiency of NbS (Bonn, Allott, Evans, Joosten, & Stoneman, 2016), (Girardin, et al., 2021) has led to their increased popularity recently. Some scientists estimate that half of all species on Earth will be wiped out within the next century. https://www.iucn.org/sites/dev/files/drylands_and_land_degradation_issues_brief_0.pdf, IUCN (2020) Guidance for using the IUCN Global Standard for Nature-based Solutions: first editions. Biodiversity is extremely important to people and the health of ecosystems. Which of the ecosystem has the lowest biodiversity? https://doi.org/10.1080/24749508.2021.1923271, Belle JA, Collins N, Jordaan A (2018) Managing wetlands for disaster risk reduction: A case study of the eastern Free State, South Africa. PAs can perform multiple functions and encompass several NbS approaches with respect to the ecosystem services they represent (see Table 1 for a list of services provided by PAs). (Toderich, et al., 2013a) suggest that the best way to rehabilitate saline soils in desert rangelands is to plant salt-resistant wild halophytes, which represent a low-cost solution.
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