To differentiate between the different silica analogues, new CAS Registry numbers have been assigned. Silica is an ultra-trace element (required in small amounts) involved in the formation of bone, teeth and cartilage. Langmuir 27:1016710173. (2005) Effects of heat treatment on the aggregation and charging of Stber-type silica. [2] Evonik Industries, SIPERNAT and AEROSIL an essential in industrial powder technology, Technical information. number 7631-86-9 The role of silica is less obvious in animals, but each one of us contains about half a gram of silica without which our bones, hair, and teeth could not be formed. Chem Mater 28:90089016. Colloidal silicon dioxide can be used in membrane-controlled and matrix-controlled transdermal drug delivery systems as a gel former or to increase storage and thermal stability. TruQuality | Metagenics https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2009.08.003, Parks GA (1965) The isoelectric points of solid oxides, solid hydroxides, and aqueous hydroxo complex systems. Naturally occurring in Quartz crystal, colloidal mineral silica (importantly, the element silicon contained within it) is the second most abundant element in the Earth's crust. Low pH grades can also be obtained by completely deionizing the dispersion.These grades do not require the presence of stabilizing ions and are also stable below a pH of 3. Colloidal & Composite Silicas | Cabot Corporation VII. Langmuir 26:1688416889. The obtained powdered formulations can be easily compressed into tablets on standard presses. The Silica grades described thus far are available for use as in their native or unmodified state. A grade of mesoporous Colloidal silicon dioxide featuring a high specific surface area can be used as a moisture desiccant in MADG. If the pH is reduced below 7 or if salt is added, then the units tend to fuse together in chains. These ingredients are all present in the Qsilica ONE-A-DAY range, which is recommended for the support of hair loss. Nanoscale 12:1673816754. MORE, Samples are the first step to tackle technical problems together with a new partner. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b00292, Liu J, Pelton R, Hrymak AN (2000) Properties of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-grafted colloidal silica. Soluble in hot solutions of alkali hydroxide. It allows formulation ingredients to be uniformly distributed throughout the suppository base. Its usefulness stems from three key attributes: Colloidal silicon dioxide is used as a carrier for liquids and semi-liquids or as free-flow agent in powdered products (pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, salts, and foods), particularly for substances that attract water molecules (hygroscopic) or cake, so that they flow better. Selecting a Qsilica product is often a matter of personal preference. There are many grades of colloidal silica, but all of them are composed of silica particles ranging in size from about 2 nm up to about 150 nm. Langmuir 28:7598613. https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9797(70)90234-1. Qsilica ONE-A-DAY is ideal for consumers looking for a higher-dose silica supplement plus the added antioxidant and skin support nutrients and is safe to consume on an on-going basis. Fair use is a use permitted by copyright statute that might otherwise be infringing. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b01550, Loiola LMD, Batista M, Capeletti LB et al. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5CC03736K, Xu Z, Zhang K, Liu X, Zhang H (2013) A new strategy to prepare glutathione responsive silica nanoparticles. Finally, colloidal silicon dioxide is inert toward most active drug ingredients and excipients, so incompatibilities are extremely rare. Blood 55:156159. Working Hours (Mon to Friday): 08:30 - 17:30. Mineral silica, Biotin and Zinc all contribute to the maintenance and support of healthy hair. The colloidal suspension is stabilized by pH adjustment and then concentrated, usually by evaporation. Rev Environ Sci Bio/Technol 1:1738. Becker, W.F. https://doi.org/10.1021/la8007206, Rio-Echevarria IM, Selvestrel F, Segat D et al. (2016) Biodegradable peptide-silica nanodonuts. J Am Chem Soc 83:761764. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2009.11.015, Monopoli MP, berg C, Salvati A, Dawson KA (2012) Biomolecular coronas provide the biological identity of nanosized materials. Evidence obtained from the many studies done over several decades has led authorities to conclude that colloidal silicon dioxide has minimal adverse health effects from exposure, and is not harmful when administered orally or dermally. (2020) Degradation of silica particles functionalised with essential oil components under simulated physiological conditions. For the good of the patient: Silica from Evonik in the pharmaceutical Update. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(00)00426-9, He Q, Zhang Z, Gao Y et al. CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group, LLC, Zou Y, Huang B, Cao L et al. period: 24 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0926-860X(01)00645-7, Rimer JD, Trofymluk O, Navrotsky A et al. Colloidal silicon dioxide Anhydrous is a highly pure, very fine amorphous silicon dioxide having primary particles in the nano-scale range. Microporous Mesoporous Mater 282:243251. Besides being the most abundant mineral on the Earth, it is also very important to life on our planet. (2015) Dispersion behaviour of silica nanoparticles in biological media and its influence on cellular uptake. All information is provided in good faith to enable collaboration and sharing of know-how among our community of users. https://doi.org/10.7150/thno.11389, Ryabchikova EI, Chelobanov BP, Parkhomenko RG et al. These colloidal silicas are commercially available in the form of sols or dried powders (e.g., xerogels, dry precipitates, aerogels, or calcinated coarcervates). In a pioneering procedure, a team of surgeons at New York University Langone Health Grossman School of Medicine in New lepopup_add_event("onexit", { https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01465a001, Depasse J, Watillon A (1970) The stability of amorphous colloidal silica. Of all the oxide minerals in the Earths crust, silicon dioxide, or silica, is the most abundant. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2018.12.012, Scheffer FR, Silveira CP, Morais J et al. Snyder, F.A. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0001-8686(02)00061-1, Bharti B, Meissner J, Klapp SHL, Findenegg GH (2014) Bridging interactions of proteins with silica nanoparticles: the influence of pH, ionic strength and protein concentration. Parteck SLC is also emerging as a first-in-class excipient to reduce the risk of unstable . https://doi.org/10.1016/S0039-9140(03)00024-9, Nangia S, Garrison BJ (2008) Reaction rates and dissolution mechanisms of quartz as a function of pH. SILICA, COLLOIDAL ANHYDROUS. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.8b04647, Perdoor SS, Dubois F, Barbara A et al. Particle sizes range from about 1 to 100 nm. (2011) Multifunctional mesoporous silica nanocomposite nanoparticles for theranostic applications. The authors declare no competing interests. The silica should be added first to ensure maximum mixing time. Colloidal silicon dioxide is generally chemically inactive. A colloid is a stable dispersion of particles - particles that are small enough that gravity doesn't cause them to settle, but large enough not to pass through a membrane and allow other molecules and ions to pass freely. In the event of damaged, faulty or incorrect products being despatched, we are happy for you to return the goods to us. In general, these forces include but are not limited to van der Waals forces, electrostatic forces, liquid bridges, and physical entanglements. (2018) Differential recognition of nanoparticle protein corona and modified low-density lipoprotein by macrophage receptor with collagenous structure. Klaassen, D. Liebler, J.G. (2013) Altered characteristics of silica nanoparticles in bovine and human serum: the importance of nanomaterial characterization prior to its toxicological evaluation. The particles may be spherical or slightly irregular in shape, and may be present as discrete particles or slightly structured aggregates. A step toward the synthesis of hollow silica nanoparticles. https://doi.org/10.1039/C3MH00106G, Nel AE, Mdler L, Velegol D et al. After opening, it should be stored in the refrigerator at 2-8C with the cap tightly closed during storage. Evonik offers a broad portfolio of silica products for the pharmaceutical industry based on more than five decades of experience. Opinion | What Does the Recent Pig-to-Human Kidney Transplant Mean for Tissue Therapeutics? Cambridge University Press, Bergstrm L (1997) Hamaker constants of inorganic materials. Our portfolio includes colloidal and composite materials with a range of particle sizes and treatments, allowing for the controlled tuning of performance characteristics such as tribocharge, free-flow and spacing. Improved dissolution of individual . https://doi.org/10.1021/j100812a002. (2017) Engineering of inorganic nanoparticles as magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents. J Sol-Gel Sci Technol 102, 4162 (2022). The following regulatory schedules apply to colloidal silicon dioxide: Several grades of colloidal silicon dioxide are widely available, depending mainly on the method of production, and any subsequent processing changes that the material is subjected to. surfactant science series. The orientation of the bonds is random, and there is no long-range periodicity. Colloidal silica varies from other types of silica in several significant ways. Silicon dioxide produced pyrogenically exists in the form of chain-like, branched aggregates, giving rise to a fluffy, light powder. However, the commercial production of Colloidal silicon dioxide uses copious amounts of energy across the entire value chain. The pyrogenic method for producing Silica was invented in 1941 by Harry Klopfer, a scientist at Degussa (now part of Evonik AG). This temporal sequence strongly implicates anhydrous colloidal silica as the cause Whether you manufacture medicines for solid, semi-solid or liquid dosing, we support you at every stage of product development. This oral liquid is a convenient form of colloidal silica to help support skin, hair and nail health. It is listed in all the major pharmacopoeia, including the USP-NF, Ph.Eur, I.P, B.P, and J.P.E. J Colloid Interface Sci 237:249258. (2019) Interactions of nanoparticles and biosystems: Microenvironment of nanoparticles and biomolecules in nanomedicine. Colloidal silicas exhibit particle densities in the range of 2.1 to 2.3 g/cm 3 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2004.05.040, Leroy P, Devau N, Revil A, Bizi M (2013) Influence of surface conductivity on the apparent zeta potential of amorphous silica nanoparticles. PDF SILICON DIOXIDE, AMORPHOUS (TENTATIVE) - Food and Agriculture Organization (2001) Alkali-treatment techniquenew method for modification of structural and acid-catalytic properties of ZSM-5 zeolites. These are shown in the chart below: Synthetic amorphous silicon dioxides are further divided into three main types, namely: Even though they share the same chemical structure and synthetic origin, Synthetic silicas exhibit different properties, as briefly reviewed below: Pyrogenic silicon dioxide is produced using a high-temperature process in which silicon tetrachloride is vaporised in an oxygen-hydrogen atmosphere according to the following chemical reaction: The raw materials used in the silica production process are all inorganic and very pure. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201000538, Bindini E, Ramirez M, de los A, Rios X et al. While the primary structure is the tetrahedron, consisting of one silicon atom bonded to four oxygen atoms, tetrahedrons arrange into networks. https://doi.org/10.1208/s12248-015-9780-2, Giri K, Kuschnerus I, Ruan J, GarciaBennett AE (2019) Influence of a protein corona on the oral pharmacokinetics of testosterone released from mesoporous silica. Sodium silicates are also composed of silicate monomers, as opposed to colloidal silica composed of polymeric silicates.The composition of sodium silicates have a SiO2/Na2O ratio of approximately 3.4, whereas colloidal silica generally has a SiO2/Na2O ratio greater than 50. This process is also conducted at high temperatures and allows dimethysilyl groups to be bound irreversibly onto the surface of the silica via siloxane bonds. Aggregation affects the diffusion, gravitational settling, and the available NPs' surface. Gluten-containing ingredients may be present or handled in the same manufacturing facilities and although strict clean-down procedures are adhered to in these GMP facilities, please be aware of this when deciding if Qsilica is right for you. UNII - ETJ7Z6XBU4 - Food and Drug Administration (2010) Biocompatibility, biodistribution, and drug-delivery efficiency of mesoporous silica nanoparticles for cancer therapy in animals. We recommend being consistent as well as following the directions for use on the label. If you prefer to call us you can reach us at: China, Shanghai:+86 21 22205000Brazil, Jundia: +55 11 45894800Germany, Cologne: +49 221 995850India, Mumbai:+91 22 6842 6700Japan, Tokyo:+81 356436001Singapore: +65 6635 5327; 6635 5203Sweden, Bohus:+46 31 587000Taiwan - Greater China, Taichung: +886 4 23270520USA, Marietta:+1 770 5780858, Your partner in essential solutions for a sustainable future. Garcia, A. OLenick, V.R. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11095-016-1958-5, Lo TH, Wu ZY, Chen SY et al. Part Part Syst Charact 37:15. https://doi.org/10.1039/b921735e, Daz B, Snchez-Espinel C, Arruebo M et al. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 12:117125. There are no contraindications for silica during pregnancy or breastfeeding and therefore, with advice from your medical professional Qsilica ORIGINAL Skin, Hair, & Nails Capsules can be considered for use during pregnancy. Colloidal silicas exhibit particle densities in the range of 2.1 to 2.3 g/cm3. This versatility stems from its high absorptive capacity, ability to improve flow, and low dust content, as outlined in the table below: When applied to pharmaceutical products, the above-listed Silica attributes provide the following functionalities: Thus, Colloidal silicon dioxide functions, in both solid and liquid dosage forms, as a: In tablets, capsules, and granules, Colloidal silicon dioxide is popularly used as a glidant and anti-adherent, where it allows powder formulations to efficiently flow on high-speed tablet presses. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.08.028, Zhu X, Vo C, Taylor M, Smith BR (2019) Non-spherical micro- and nanoparticles in nanomedicine. Evonik complements product portfolio with Colloidal Silica - as a specialty chemicals company, Evonik is specialized on particle modification and functionalization for ultra-high purity Colloidal Silica. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 64:32753281. Sci Rep 8:19. Usually they are suspended in an aqueous phase that is stabilized electrostatically. The only caveat is that the material must not come into contact with hydrofluoric acid or strong alkalis, as these chemical substances chemically react with silicon dioxide. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2018.08.088, Yang Y, Wan J, Niu Y et al. colloidal silicon dioxide anhydrous; crystallized silicon dioxide; e-551; fumed silicon dioxide; ins no.551; ins-551; light anhydrous silicic acid; light anhydrous silicic acid [jan] ludox; quartz; quartz [inci] quso f-22; quso f-22 [ii] rock crystal; sand; sand [inci] silica; silica [inci] silica aerogel; silica gel; silica gel [vandf] silica . In a broad sense, however, many other forms of silica (other than wet or dry silica sols above) are colloidal on the grounds that they are composed of particles in a colloidal state of subdivision (1-1000 nm). During the synthesis process, minute droplets of SiO2 initially aggregate into so-called nuclides, which combine stochastically into even larger particles, facilitated by weak physical interactions such as van der Waals forces. In this regard, the recommended levels of Colloidal silicon dioxide for use in coating build-up are 10 to 15% w/w, while the levels for aiding pigment suspension are 0.5 to 2.0% w/w. Colloidal silicon dioxide is approved for use in pharmaceutical products as an excipient (oral, topical products and topical sprays but not for inhalation). Small 6:17941805. PDF AEROSIL and AEROPERL Pharma Colloidal Silicon Dioxide Products Subtledifferences in particle morphology, particle size, and ionicspecies can make all the difference. (2019) Mixed-charge pseudo-zwitterionic mesoporous silica nanoparticles with low-fouling and reduced cell uptake properties. Crystalline forms of Silica exhibit a highly ordered crystal lattice, determined by the ordered arrangement of the Silica tetrahedra. Springer International Publishing, Cham, p 135, Estephan ZG, Schlenoff PS, Schlenoff JB (2011) Zwitteration as an alternative to PEGylation. Primary particle size are in nano range (5 20 nm). (2007) Kinetic and thermodynamic studies of silica nanoparticle dissolution. Appl Catal A Gen 219:3343. SiO2 Mr 60.1 [7631-86-9] DEFINITION Colloidal anhydrous silica contains not less than 99.0 per cent and not more than the equivalent of 100.5 per cent of SiO2, determined on the ignited substance. A key advantage of Colloidal silicon dioxide is that only a small quantity is needed to improve the flowability and compressibility of a powdered formulation, which yields strong tablets and higher content uniformity. Qsilica are proudly 100% vegan and cruelty-free, made from premium ingredients. Pure Appl Chem 66:10771184. Cabot Carbon Ltd CAB-O-SIL Division Pension Scheme, U.K. Modern Slavery Act Transparency Statement, CA Transparency in Supply Chain Disclosure, 1995-2023 Cabot Corporation. Acc Chem Res 44:893902. Effect of colloidal silica on rheological properties of common - PubMed Microporous Mesoporous Mater 284:343352. What is silica - Levasil colloidal silica - Nouryon John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Kosmulski M (2009) Compilation of PZC and IEP of sparingly soluble metal oxides and hydroxides from literature. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 186:110677. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.110677, Monopoli MP, Walczyk D, Campbell A et al. Use a high-shear mixer to disperse colloidal silicon dioxide in oils. How to Use Colloidal Silica to Thicken Oils. Chem Rev 110:46564689. Stabilization of solid dispersions. Precipitated silica, on the other hand, is mesoporous and exhibits an internal surface. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2019.06.044, Hu F, Chen K, Xu H, Gu H (2015) Functional short-chain zwitterion coated silica nanoparticles with antifouling property in protein solutions. Hydrogen ions from the surface of colloidal silica tend to dissociate in aqueous solution, yielding a high negative charge. In acquiring good flowability (lubricity), the build-up powder distributes more evenly on the cores and dries much faster, which shortens the entire coating process considerably. Qsilica PRO COLLAGEN also contains a combination of wheat ceramides (Ceramosides) and vitamin C in addition to mineral silica, to promote collagen production. (2017) Degradation of core-shell Au@SiO 2 nanoparticles in biological media. Compared with traditional wet granulation, MADG does not involve the use of heat to dry granules and involves fewer process steps. M. Fuji, H. Iwata, T. Takei, T. Watanabe, M. Chikazawa, The change in the water vapor affinity of fine silica particles loaded with trimethylsilyl groups, Advanced Powder Technology, 8 (1997) 325-334, R.D.A. Thickener for oils, Glidant and thickener applications but with reduced dusting and less volume requirements, Ideal glidant for hygroscopic powders that exhibit particle-particle cohesiveness via liquid bridge formation, LCO: 0.139 mg/L/4hr (maximal attainable concentration), The ability to coat formulation particles with a thin film of colloidal silicon dioxide aggregates, The ability to form gels in liquids by creating a three-dimensional network of colloidal silicon dioxide aggregates. The semi-precious mineral opal is a form of amorphous silica that has been prized for centuries. Adsorption of active components is possible, however the amounts are typically low and the process is reversible. These products are often called silica gels. About - Qsilica https://doi.org/10.1021/cm3001688, Hadipour Moghaddam SP, Saikia J, Yazdimamaghani M, Ghandehari H (2017) Redox-responsive polysulfide-based biodegradable organosilica nanoparticles for delivery of bioactive agents. J Phys Chem C 119:2735427362. Thirdly, protection from heat and frost is recommended, and temperature excursions above 35 C can alter the materials physicochemical properties. MORE. Active ingredient per 10ml: Silica - colloidal anhydrous.280 mg (Equivalent to silicon 131 mg). The process steps involved in MADG are shown below: MADG was developed by Bristol Myers Squibb in the 1980s to address the challenges associated with wet granulation, including end-point determination, drying, milling, and moisture-instigated instability from hydrolysis. Int J Pharm 572:118782. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118782, Li XW, Zhao WR, Liu YJ et al. https://doi.org/10.1021/la200227b, Li Y, Hu X, Ding D et al. (2018) Disulfide-bridged organosilica frameworks: designed, synthesis, redox-triggered biodegradation, and nanobiomedical applications. https://doi.org/10.1016/0079-6700(92)90023-R, Muller P (1994) Glossary of terms used in physical organic chemistry (IUPAC Recommendations 1994). https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.10057, Thierry B, Zimmer L, McNiven S et al. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 9:1846218473. The term Silica (chemically silicon dioxide, SiO2) is applied and misapplied to many different materials that contain silica and oxygen, including free silica (SiO2) and silicates (which contain other elements). https://doi.org/10.1039/d0nr09220g, Marques MRC, Loebenberg R, Almukainzi M (2011) Simulated biological fluids with possible application in dissolution testing. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2016.03.035, Shahabi S, Treccani L, Dringen R, Rezwan K (2015) Modulation of silica nanoparticle uptake into human osteoblast cells by variation of the ratio of amino and sulfonate surface groups: effects of serum. A key feature of gels obtained with colloidal silica that makes them different from other types of gels (for instance, those obtained with hydrocolloid gums) is that their viscosities show little dependence on temperature. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10971-021-05695-8, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10971-021-05695-8. In addition the mechanism of colloidal silicone dioxide action to improve flowability was suggested and the hypothesis was confirmed by independent test. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2012.09.025, Picco AS, Ferreira LF, Liberato MS et al. . https://doi.org/10.1039/C8MH01527A, Picco AS, Mondo GB, Ferreira LF et al. J Non Cryst Solids 104:95106. This random distribution is what makes amorphous silica different from crystalline silica - ordered on a molecular level. Micronization: The API can be adsorbed in the form of small crystallites on the surface and in the pores of the mesoporous silica as a carrier. Shank, T.J. Slaga, P.W. Flint is a form of silica that was used in ancient tools.The sand used in pottery is also a form of silica. The provider of the medication (doctor or health care professional) is best placed to answer any questions in relation to specific medications, interactions or contraindications. Pharmaceutical scientists have used many different technologies to improve the solubility of products exhibiting poor solubility and/or permeability, including API modification, lipid formulations, solid dispersions, and speciality techniques (liposomes, prodrugs, etc). Directions Adults: Take 5mL by measure (1 metric teaspoon) once a day, or as professionally prescribed. Nanoscale 13:753762. Free silica (Silicon dioxide) is a hard, low-reactivity, colourless substance that occurs naturally in rocks and minerals or can also be industrially produced in the form of synthetic amorphous silica. QSILICA PRO COLLAGEN: We would recommend seeking advice from your health practitioner before taking PRO COLLAGEN capsules during pregnancy or breastfeeding. (2016) Structure-dependent and glutathione-responsive biodegradable dendritic mesoporous organosilica nanoparticles for safe protein delivery. Silica colloidal anhydrous (colloidal silicium dioxide). Chem Mater 31:5761. The appearance of colloidal silica dispersion depends greatly on the particle size. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2010.11.013, Mosquera J, Garca I, Henriksen-Lacey M et al. PDF Silicon Dioxide, Amorphous - Food and Agriculture Organization In addition, it is approved for use in food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical applications. Silica NPs can be synthesized in a wide variety of morphologies, porosity levels, and sizes. ACS Appl Nano Mater 3:1193311944. J Am Chem Soc 114:1083410843. AEROPERL 300 Pharma, which like standard Colloidal silicon dioxide, is tested against the high-quality requirements of the Silica Colloidal Anhydrous (Ph. et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/marc.201100876, Runser A, Dujardin D, Ernst P et al. This review shows the most common and promising strategies to generate colloidally stable silica nanoparticles (NPs) in simulated biological fluids and sheds light on the latest advances in producing degradable silica-based structures. Systemically acting drug products formulated as solid oral dosage forms necessarily require their active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) to dissolve in gastrointestinal juices before absorption into the bloodstream can occur. Fumed silicon dioxide, in particular, has only one surface, which is external and little or non-existent internal pore volume. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5b01900, Encinas N, Angulo M, Astorga C et al. The smaller the particles, the greater the interactions, and thus, the more cohesive a powder is. Polydisperse suspensions can also be synthesized and have roughly the same limits in particle size. - 178.170.103.87. Anhydrous colloidal silica (Aerosil 200, Evonik Corporation, USA) was used as glidant. This is the reason micronised powders do not flow well. Leite-Silva, Thickening Agents, Cosmetic Formulation: Principles and Practice, (2019) 119. https://doi.org/10.1021/la052797j, Jokerst JV, Lobovkina T, Zare RN, Gambhir SS (2011) Nanoparticle PEGylation for imaging and therapy. It is for this reason that it is also referred to as fumed or pyrogenic amorphous silicon dioxide. The optimum of flowability for the mixture composition was found, to correspond to empirical findings known from general literature. Soft Matter 10:71828. The absence of adverse health effects is best summarized in the recommendations of the OECD SIDS Initial Assessment Report (OECD, 2004) which states Colloidal silicon dioxide is currently of low priority for further work due to the low exposure potential for humans. The particle size data were obtained using a static light scattering system (Mastersizer 3000, Malvern Instruments, UK) in water. In the unlikely event that an active ingredient inadvertently reduces the melting point of the suppository base (especially solution suppositories), silica can be added to prevent this phenomenon. Thus, when the fumed silica is dispersed in a liquid, silanol groups interact with each other either directly or indirectly via the molecules in the liquid. https://doi.org/10.1080/00268970802665621, Kosmulski M (2011) The pH-dependent surface charging and points of zero charge. https://doi.org/10.1021/la2038558, Zhu Y, Sundaram HS, Liu S et al. (2016) Breakable hybrid organosilica nanocapsules for protein delivery. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.6b03896, Shen D, Yang J, Li X et al. (2020) Solgelbased advanced porous silica materials for biomedical applications. J Colloid Interface Sci 165:367385. (2012) Effects of the presence or absence of a protein corona on silica nanoparticle uptake and impact on cells. This is especially relevant for poor glass forming APIs, which can be difficult to stabilize with other formulation technologies. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2019.04.055, Lei Q, Guo J, Noureddine A et al. (2013) Preparation, purification, and characterization of aminopropyl-functionalized silica sol.
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