Requests from the broader commercial sector. It can be combined with other high-resolution geographic datasets for a broad range of geospatial analyses. These include environmental factors, such as levels of moisture, temperature, and light, and proper photoperiod regimens, that influence the full expression of the physiological and physical mechanisms that promote winter adaptation and those that hinder it, such as abrupt, wide temperature fluctuations and atypical dehardening events (Larcher, 2005; Levitt, 1980; Olsen et al., 2004; Raulston and Tripp, 1994). & Phillips, D.L. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS Skinner, H.T. Hort. Ranking tables for population of Metropolitan Statistical Areas, Micropolitan Statistical Areas, Combined Statistical Areas, New England City and Town Areas, and Combined New England City and Town Areas: 1990 and 2000. The PH-statistic grid (Fig. Plant cold hardiness: From the laboratory to the field. USDA Zones 5b through 7a are represented in Connecticut. The USDA Office of Sustainability and Climate has developed an. Another characteristic of native aster plants is their ability to adapt. . <, National elevation dataset. ) or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. (2009) presented a 90-year dataset from the Okanagan Valley, BC, Canada, that verified a strong association between such events and winter injury for a wide range of fruit crops. The USDA Office of Sustainability and Climate has developed an interactive storymap to show what the potential intensification of climate change through this century will look like in the coterminous United States. USDA Zones 6b through 9a are represented in West Texas. Plant Sci. Because this decreases the frequency of zone-6a temperatures to 1 year in 6 to 8 years (Table 4), these sites can be considered less risky for grape production. Hort. USDA Unveils New Plant Hardiness Zone Map By Kim Kaplan January 25, 2012 WASHINGTONThe U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) today released the new version of its Plant Hardiness Zone Map (PHZM), updating a useful tool for gardeners and researchers for the first time since 1990 with greater accuracy and detail. Macmillan, New York. A more detailed description of the new PHZM and its development are presented by Daly et al. 25 855 870. 2005 Plant adaptation regions: Ecological and climate classification of plant materials Rangeland Ecol. 1A and B). 23 Feb. 2010. The 2012 USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map is the standard by which gardeners and growers can determine which plants are most likely to thrive at a location. Litzow, M. & Pellett, H. 1980 Relationship of rest to dehardening in red-osier dogwood HortScience 15 92 93, Mather, J.R. & Yoshioka, G.A. 1994 Environmental analogs in the search for stress-tolerant landscape plants J. Arboriculture 20 114 119. However, further insights can be gained by shifting emphasis away from individual weather events (or even seasons) to longer time frames that document multiple, extreme events on a climatic scale. Chinese forestry: Relationships worth cultivating, p. 38-47. The risk-assessment ability of the updated PHZM is further enhanced when used in conjunction with maps of the 30-year standard deviation in the PH statistic (Fig. Chilling, freezing, and high temperature stresses. Cathey, H.M. 1997 Announcing the AHS plant heat-zone map Amer. USDA Zones 6b through 8a are represented in Arkansas. For. 11 35 38, McNamara, S., Pellett, H., Florkowska, M. & Lindstom O. Jr 2002 Comparison of the cold hardiness of landscape tree and shrub cultivars growing at two disparate geographic locations J. Environ. Wild lowbush blueberries (Vaccinium angustifolium) are hardy from U.S. Department of Agriculture plant hardiness zones 3 through 7 and plants demand between 1,000 and 1,200 chilling hours -- time below 45 degrees Fahrenheit -- for annual bloom and berry production. The USDA website has a feature where you can search by ZIP code to find your local plant hardiness zone. Iowa State University, Ames, IA. & Lindstrom, O.M. Manag. Hort. 4). State and local natural resource conservation agencies also consult plant hardiness zones to craft guidelines for recommended trees and landscape plants for specific jurisdictions. In South Dakota, cold-air drainage influences plant survival most notably between Pierre and Rapid City, along the Bad and Cheyenne Rivers, where survival was estimated to be <20% (Fig. Atlas of American agriculture. all! 2B). USDA Zones 5b through 8a are represented in the District of Columbia. Look for the color-coded legend of zones, and match up the correct color and zone to where you live. Naukova Dumka, Kiev, Ukraine. PRISM 19762005 Plant Hardiness Zone Maps: (A) conterminous United States; (B) Alaska; (C) Hawaii; and (D) Puerto Rico. USDA Zones 9a through 13a are represented in Hawaii. The 2012 USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map is the standard by which gardeners and growers can determine which plants are most likely to thrive at a location. The ability of a plant to survive low temperatures depends on its genetically and environmentally controlled adaptations and its acclimation status. J. (1997). The 2007 eastern US spring freeze: Increased cold damage in a warming world? Phonetic Spelling ULM-us RUBE-ruh Description. 6B). The page is no longer being updated, and therefore, links on the page may be invalid. Increased detail in the updated version was achieved primarily by applying interpolation methods that reproduce topographically based climatic patterns. USDA Zones 8a through 11a are represented in Florida. With winter temperatures rising, a trend expected to continue, plant hardiness zone are shifting. Chilling, freezing, and high temperature stresses. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC. Official websites use .gov 2001 The West's climate zones, p. 2763. Congr., Nice, France, 1958. The updated PHZM has full 5.6 C (10 F) zones, which are defined by the numbers 113. The USDA Hardiness Zone Map divides North America into 11 separate planting zones; each growing zone is 10F warmer (or colder) in an average winter than the adjacent zone. With the publication of a moisture-balance map for the north-central United States (Widrlechner, 1999), information from the 1990 PHZM could then be combined with that from the moisture-balance map to generate crude predictions of plant survival based on the regression equation. We expect that it will be rapidly adopted as a research dataset in GIS and spatial analyses and will contribute to more effective planting recommendations, shipping management, and horticultural production. Univ. Although this area was another successful early grape production site (Irvine and Clore, 1997), industry revival following its demise due to prohibition has only begun during the last 5 years. A major reason for this restraint is the historical risk of recurring cold injury and uncertainty regarding potential vineyard sites that minimize such risk. Teoreticheskie osnovy i opyt introduktsii drevesnykh rastenii v Ukraine. These fluctuations, produced by changes in cold-air drainage and dynamic chinook winds, are among the most extreme in North America. In 2007, on the basis of its track record as a leader in climatic map development (e.g., Daly, 2006; Daly et al., 1994, 2008), Oregon State University's PRISM Climate Group was tasked by USDA-ARS with developing the updated PHZM. Fine-resolution mapping as a tool for site evaluation. Photoperiodic regulation of apical growth cessation in northern tree species: The role of phytochrome and gibberellins, Woody ornamental plant zonation, II: Suitability indices of localities. United States Department of Agriculture. Geographers 58 29 41, McKenney, D.W., Hutchinson, M.F., Kesteven, J.L. Proc. Plants are typically labeled "hardy to zone X", allowing gardeners to quickly and easily identify which plants are capable of growing in their area. Scheiber, S.M., Robacker, C.D. USDA plant hardiness zone map. of a workshop on the web and databases (WebDB99) at ACM SIGMOD99, Philadelphia, PA, 34 June 1999. Vol. These include algorithms that considered for the first time such factors as changes in elevation, nearness to large bodies of water, and position on the terrain, such as valley bottoms and ridge tops. USDA Zones 5b through 8a are represented in Tennessee. The new PHZM is based on extreme minimum-temperature data logged annually from 1976 to 2005 at 7983 weather stations in the United States, Puerto Rico, and adjacent regions in Canada and Mexico. Plant Sci. Plant hardiness zones can simply be defined as an area which is occupied by certain groups of plant life.. That being said, plants are living organisms which has thr the ability to manufacture their own food by themselves . USDA Zones 3a through 6a are represented in Montana. The Cascade Range in the Pacific northwestern United States and the Sierra Nevada in California limit the eastward penetration of mild Pacific air, creating sharp zonal contrasts along their crests. . Land Resource Res. USDA Zones 5a through 7a are represented in Illinois. First, a general southeast to northwest gradient in predicted percentages of plant survival can be observed, from about 40% survival in the extreme southeast corner of South Dakota to less than 10% in the northwest. Gusta, M.E. (1992) compared the merits of the PH statistic to that of January mean temperatures and the proportion of years with temperatures below 32 C (25.6 F) in multiple-regression analyses designed to explain first-year and overall survival of 27 accessions of woody plants collected in Yugoslavia when grown at 14 sites across the region. Floradapt. width: 100%;
2010. Landscape Plant Development Center, Chanhassen, MN. USDA Zones 3b through 5b are represented in South Dakota. Get daily tips & tricks to help make your best home, 11 Great Landscaping Plants You Should Know About, How to Grow and Care for Wintercreeper Euonymus. USDA Zones 5a through 10b are represented in North California. An official website of the United States government. (1999) were among the first to describe the concept of geographic extraction utilities, including a zip code finder, and to propose ways that these tools could improve data mining and increase the overall value of websites. The application features three metrics affecting plant growth and survival: growing degree days, plant hardiness zones and heat zones. Thus, knowledge about geographic patterns of warmer low-temperature extremes is also horticulturally valuable in frost-free regions and can provide guidance in colder regions on how best to manage the outdoor cultivation of tender plants that experience chilling injury. In the interior, temperatures cool with elevation. J. Hort. 48N in the central United States (P value of regression line < 0.0001); (B) two-degree latitudinal intervals along a long. That gradient conforms well to expectations based on data collected in surrounding states, where SO values varied from 3% in Burleigh County, ND, to 48% in Carver County, MN, (Widrlechner et al., 1992). Your local yard or garden may be warmer or colder than what the PHZ map shows, but it serves as a good starting point when . U.S. Geological Survey 2006 National elevation dataset. 2010. They have expressed interest in zip code-based tools to develop more precise criteria for deciding when to begin marketing or otherwise increase activity by location. The bulk of these requests fall into three categories: Requests from governmental agencies. We selected South Dakota as an example to illustrate such a map for two reasons: first, because there were long-term trial sites that reported data from four of its neighboring states, but none in South Dakota. Publ. The application features three metrics affecting plant growth and survival: growing degree days, plant hardiness zones and heat zones. In this case, the best predictor for the CAI of the PH statistic was found to be the 19712000 mean monthly minimum temperature of the coldest month of the year, derived from the official PRISM climate datasets for the USDA (Daly et al., 2008). Hort. False. <. Academic Press, New York. Iowa State University, Ames, IA. METRIA Proc. Temperature data from 7983 stations were obtained for the United States and Puerto Rico, and adjacent regions in Canada and Mexico (to fill in gaps in coverage near these international borders). . Returning to the Walla Walla example, with the 6 to 7 C (10.8 to 12.6 F) standard deviation that prevails in the valley (zone 7a), about one in five years can be expected to reach minimum temperatures that are characteristic for zone 6a (Table 4), and hence just marginal to avoid a killing freeze. The standard deviation map, in conjunction with Table 4, can help determine the likelihood of colder than average lowest temperatures occurring over longer time frames. & Junttila, O. (1992) (1 km = 0.6214 mile). Team members recognized that many other climatic datasets were available, potentially offering considerable insight into the geographic patterning of factors related to plant adaptation. USDA Zones 3b through 5b are represented in Vermont. The original color scheme of the 1990 map has been changed to match that of the updated version to allow a more direct visual comparison of the two maps (1 km = 0.6214 mile). Plant cold hardiness: From the laboratory to the field. Even in parts of the world that do not normally experience freeze events or a well-defined winter season, plants can experience chilling injury at temperatures below about 10 C (50 F) (Levitt, 1980). Change 2007. (Map with manual). Horticulturists have identified three primary variables related to warm-season heat and plant adaptation: night temperature (Deal and Raulston, 1989), annual days above 30 C (86 F) [American Horticultural Society (AHS) heat zones (Cathey, 1997)], and lack of sufficient heat units (Pigott, 1981; Pigott and Huntley, 1981). The updated map corrects that probable misclassification (Fig. Compared to the 1990 version, zone boundaries in this edition of the map have shifted in many areas. 84 1135 1153. 60. & Wildung, D.K. }
The geographic charting of plant climatic adaptability, p. 485491. A common method employed to visualize geographic patterns in the severity of low-temperature events is to map a climatological variable that closely correlates with plant survival. of the 15th Intl. Landscape Plant Development Center, Chanhassen, MN. Category. Compared with the 1990 PHZM, the updated map's fine resolution at 800 m for the conterminous United States combined with zooming ability permits a much more accurate assessment of the risk of winter injury across existing horticultural production areas (Fig. Hayashi, Y. "The increases in accuracy and detail that this map represents will be extremely useful for gardeners and researchers.". Gale Research, Detroit, MI. .ashs_container div{
19 Feb. 2010. 23 Feb. 2010. 1927 Manual of cultivated trees and shrubs. In: Sunset western garden book, new century ed. Thornthwaite, C.W. Daly, C. 2006 Guidelines for assessing the suitability of spatial climate data sets Int. Buyukkokten et al. Discrepancies between the zone designations of Wyman's and USDA's maps caused some confusion (Skinner, 1962), but the USDA's consistent zone designations became the standard for assessing plant hardiness in the United States with the release of a comprehensive PHZM update in 1990 (Cathey, 1990). To read each map, click on the picture or header to see the full-size map. Hort. As USDA's chief scientific research agency, ARS is leading America towards a better future through agricultural research and information. Kchler, A.W. The West's climate zones, p. 2763. padding: 0;
Climatol. E-mail: isumw@iastate.edu. The new version of the map includes 13 zones, with the addition for the first time of zones 12 (50-60 degrees Fahrenheit) and 13 (60-70 degrees Fahrenheit). Third, the Black Hills, a large island of mountainous, forested vegetation has a substantial influence on woody-plant survival. Some plants can survive low-temperature zones if brought indoors to overwinter. Publ. However, zones with winters as warm as those of southern Alabama occur along the Gulf of Alaska coastline and Aleutians. Flora's winter adaptability (a plant hardiness zone map). Gusta, M.E. The Spruce uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. A lock (
More information about PRISM can be obtained from PRISM Climate Group (2010). & Robeson, S.M. 1990 Climatic control of vegetation distribution: The role of the water balance Amer. 5A), which are established grape-growing regions and have traditionally experienced less severe winter damage. 3. Burt, C.C. The ultimate book of trees and shrubs for southern African gardeners. This page has been archived and is being provided for reference purposes only. Two winters with record cold: Why was one a killer and the other not so bad? Vol. 1018, was supported by USDA-ARS Research Project 3625-21000-053, Hatch Act and State of Iowa funds, and a Specific Cooperative Agreement between the USDA Agricultural Research Service and Oregon State University. ensure high-quality, safe food and other agricultural products; assess the nutritional needs of Americans; sustain a competitive agricultural economy; enhance the natural resource base and the environment; and. Second, the more local effect of cold-air drainage and pooling, common in certain river valleys, is readily apparent. During the draft map review process, the 30-year period also emerged as the interval that best matched the expectations, perceptions, and experience of TRT reviewers. Publ. USDA Zones 3b through 6a are represented in Maine. In addition, the new map includes a zip code finder, and we describe how it may be used by governmental agencies for risk management and development of recommended plant lists, by horticultural firms to schedule plant shipments, and by other commercial interests that market products seasonally. American Horticultural Society Plant Heat Zones (adapted from Cathey, 1997). 3630N in the southeastern United States (P value of regression line < 0.0003); and (C) fifteen-minute longitudinal intervals along a lat. See Table 1 for temperature ranges of zones (1 km = 0.6214 mile). CAB International, Wallingford, UK. PRISM Climate Group 2010 PRISM climate group. A 5 C (9 F) standard deviation translates into about a 13% chance (1 year in 7.6 years) that, in any given year, the PH statistic could be at least two half zones colder than the mean, and another 13% chance that it could be at least two half zones warmer (Table 4). We thank Peter Bretting, Candice Gardner, William Graves, Rita Hummel, S. Elwynn Taylor, and three anonymous reviewers for providing valuable comments and suggestions for improving the manuscript; Michael Wisniewski for assistance in supplying useful references; and Mike Halbleib for assistance with graphics. 135 649 670, Stephenson, N.L. USDA Hardiness Zone: 3-8: Native Range: North America: Wildlife Benefits: . 3) And finally, during the late winter and early spring, plants may deharden when exposed to temperatures above freezing, having satisfied physiological rest requirements (Litzow and Pellett, 1980), and can then suffer damage from subsequent low-temperature events. At such high standard deviations, one might expect a winter that is two hardiness zones colder than the mapped zone to occur about every 18 years (Table 4). 95W transect extending from lat. . The 45 climate zones of the United States and Canada, p. 1678, In: National garden book. Climatic control of vegetation distribution: The role of the water balance, Actual evapotranspiration and deficit: Biologically meaningful correlates of vegetation distribution across spatial scales. 2004 Photoperiodic regulation of apical growth cessation in northern tree species: The role of phytochrome and gibberellins J. The new USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map is more sophisticated and accurate than any other previously developed. 18 255 263, Pigott, C.D. The data were carefully quality-controlled for outliers and other inconsistent values (methods are detailed in Daly et al., 2008). (Color map - scale ca. J. .ashs_container {
USDA Zones 5b through 6b are represented in Indiana. It plays a key factor in selecting landscape plants for the region. In a few locations in the intermountain west (Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Utah, and Washington), standard deviations exceeded 7 C (12.6 F). The PHZM is accessible via an interactive website, which facilitates a wide range of horticultural applications. USDA Zones 3b through 7b are represented in Idaho. An extensive coastal strip of zone 13a delineates low-elevation areas moderated by nearby ocean temperatures. A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. Match the type of blueberry seeds you plant to the conditions in your garden. 1990 Mapping it out Amer. Mary Marlowe Leverette is one of the industry's most highly-regarded housekeeping and fabric care experts, sharing her knowledge on efficient housekeeping, laundry, and textile conservation. Use . This edition of the USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map (PHZM) is GIS (Geographic Information System)-based for the first time. aux diverses conditions climatiques du nord-est canadien Can. USDA Zones 4a through 9a are represented in Utah. rhizomes, roots, tillers, primary shoots, stolons. PRISM accounts for the effects of elevation, terrain-induced air-mass blockage, coastal proximity, temperature inversions, and cold-air pooling on extreme minimum-temperature patterns (Daly et al., 2008). 1994 A statistical-topographic model for mapping climatological precipitation over mountainous terrain J. Appl. In: S. Cluet and T. Milo (eds.). USDA Zones 4b through 6a are represented in Iowa. 2-Silt. Go to Map 3645N transect extending from long. Heinze, W. & Schreiber, D. 1984 Eine neue Kartierung der Winterhrtezonen fr Gehlze in Europa Mitteilungen der Deutschen Dendrologischen Gesellschaft 75 11 56. Stations located in mountainous areas were included in large numbers for the first time. Kokhno, N.A. Climate of South Dakota, p. 688703. The accurate prediction of winter injury caused by low-temperature events is a key component of the effective cultivation of woody and herbaceous perennial plants. <. At the time this study was published, no high-resolution datasets for either PH or Im were publicly available, so the equation needed to be calculated from historical weather data, which were limited to specific weather stations. Nonetheless, they decided to retain the existing system because of its widespread adoption, including the availability of estimates of winterhardiness based on the PH statistic for thousands of plants [three online examples include the NGA Plant Finder (National Gardening Association, 2010), Cornell University's Flower Growing Guides (Cornell University, 2006), and the UConn Plant Database (Brand, 2001)] and the assortment of compatible hardiness-zone maps available internationally. Kincer, J.B. 1928 Atlas of American agriculture. Gusta, M.E. Sta. Zone shading key (color online) is given at the lower right. Although he made this change without the benefit of extensive data demonstrating the superiority of extreme low-temperature events, recently Quamme et al. & Pasteris, P. 2002 A knowledge-based approach to the statistical mapping of climate Clim. Bot. . 4 and 5 in Daly et al., 2008). <, Stem and flower bud hardiness of deciduous azaleas, Plant adaptation regions: Ecological and climate classification of plant materials, Washingtonwine.org: The perfect climate for wine. background: #ddd;
. Plant cold hardiness: From the laboratory to the field. Amer. For example, the 4 to 5 C (7.2 to 9 F) standard deviation near Chelan (zone 7a) translates into 1 year in 8 to 12 years likely to experience temperatures typical of zone 6a (Table 4), which would pose only a minimal risk from killing freezes for most grape cultivars. 1990 Jumoku ato bukku. Macmillan, New York. Symp. Topographic effects on the spatial distribution of the PH statistic are complex, due to competing effects of cooling with elevation and cold-air pooling in valleys. Sunset Publ., Menlo Park, CA. The map is based on the average annual minimum winter . Fortunately, for many parts of the United States, hardiness-zone boundaries have shifted relatively little, as evidenced by the 1960 (USDA, 1960), the 1990 (Cathey, 1990), and the recently updated maps, even though the zone boundaries are a function of the extreme weather events in the various years used to create the maps. Notably, there are highly significant positive correlations between AHS heat zones (Table 3) and plant hardiness zones in the central and southeastern United States (Fig. 9 Aug. 2010. .item01 {
Again, elevation and coastal influence are the dominant factors controlling spatial distribution of zones. UConn plant database. 6 Aug. 2010. Climate. Climate of South Dakota, p. 688703. 5F). Abokkusha, Kamakura-shi, Japan. For. Heat zones map the number of days per year with a maximum temperature of. Advances in horticultural science and their applications. USDA Misc. J. 5C), that was absent from the old map (Fig. South Dakota vegetation terms on maps. In various parts of the world, including the United States (DeGaetano and Shulman, 1990; Sunset, 2010; Vogel et al., 2005), alternative zonation systems that do not rely upon the PH statistic have been developed, but are generally not widely used in horticultural research, with the exception of the multivariate zonation system developed for Canada (Ouellet and Sherk, 1967), which is discussed below. Inst. (1992) published a regression equation for predicting the survival of Yugoslavian woody plants in the north-central United States in terms of the PH statistic and moisture balance, Im. 1475. ARS is the chief intramural scientific research agency of USDA.
USDA Zones 11b through 13b are represented in Puerto Rico. 814. Astilbe. For example, a national termite-control firm has requested a way to integrate zip codes and plant hardiness zones to predict when termites and other insect pests may become active. 33 140 158, Daly, C., Widrlechner, M.P., Halbleib, M.D. A plant which is hardy to a particular zone can be expected to survive in all regions on the map which have an average annual minimum temperature equal to or greater than the hardiness zone rating for that plant. The USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map consists of 13 individual zones that take in all of the contiguous United States, plus Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. Sketch Publications, Vashon, WA. Although these zones are too risky for the long-term survival of European wine grapes, vineyard development has recently been increasing near Chelan (Washington Wine Commission, 2010). The map is produced by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Agricultural Research Service (ARS) and is available on their website. Climatic constraints drive the evolution of low temperature resistance in woody plants. Vol. The USDA Cold Hardiness Zone map is based on the average annual extreme minimum temperature during a 30 year period in the past, not the lowest temperature that has ever occurred or might occur in the future. 9 Aug. 2010. Choosing the right plants that will thrive in your yard and garden can be difficult. U.S. Department of Agriculture 1960 Plant hardiness zone map for the United States. Their zonation system has been successfully applied in Canadian horticultural research (Richer et al., 2006; Richer-Leclerc et al., 1994, 1996; Rioux et al., 2000, 2004) and formed the basis of an updated map generated from modern climatic interpolation techniques (McKenney et al., 2001). Zones in this edition of the USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map (PHZM) are based on 1976-2005 weather data. Climate: The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Hardiness Zone Map divides the US into zones based on average minimum winter temperatures. 3) and an assumption of normally distributed temperature values over time. 1:16,360,000.) Table 4 presents data that relate standard deviations from Fig. Puerto Rico, owing to its location in the relatively warm Caribbean Sea and southern latitude, has the warmest PH values of all the regions mapped. Average annual minimum temperatures determine these zones. Plant Sci. 31 Aug. 2010. Proc. U.S. Department of Agriculture 2012 USDA plant hardiness zone map. USDA Zones 7a through 9a are represented in Alabama. Widrlechner, M.P., Hasselkus, E.R., Herman, D.E., Iles, J.K., Pair, J.C., Paparozzi, E.T., Schutzki, R.E. Ranking tables for population of Metropolitan Statistical Areas, Micropolitan Statistical Areas, Combined Statistical Areas, New England City and Town Areas, and Combined New England City and Town Areas: 1990 and 2000. An official website of the United States government. Szalay, L., Timon, B., Nmeth, S., Papp, J.
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