Many other benefits include being able to share ideas/information, sharing pictures/memories, increased opportunities to aid the community (charity . The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature. Impact of Social Media Use on Mental Health within Adolescent and Student Populations during COVID-19 Pandemic: Review. The increase in the time spent using social media platforms were associated with anxiety symptoms in overall studies (pooled OR=1.55, 95% CI: 1.301.85, prediction intervals: [1.082.23]), and the heterogeneity between studies was mild (I2=26.77%) (see Fig. Three studies each on anxiety and depression (Supplementary Material 11-2, 12-2) reported their findings in (n=2376 and n=2574 for anxiety and depression, respectively). Alcohol and Zoom: A Recipe for Depression. Careers. 2014;3(3):13348. Mental health in biological disasters: From SARS to COVID-19. Healthcare. COVID-19-related direct and vicarious racial discrimination: Associations with psychological distress among U.S. college students. New CDC data illuminate youth mental health threats during the COVID-19 Additionally, it would focus on the benefits of social media and how helpful (or not helpful) it has been when informing society about COVID and how it has helped the mental . Coping with a partner who has a mental illness such as clinical depression can be very challenging. When the COVID-19 pandemic began, U.S. college students reported increased anxiety and depression. The results were similar to the overall outcome (anxiety: OR=1.45, 95% CI: 1.211.96; depression: OR=1.42, 95% CI: 0.692.90). Mental Health of Children and Adolescents Amidst COVID-19 and Past Pandemics: A Rapid Systematic Review. Contradictory claims regarding the effect of social media use on mental health needs to be resolved. COVID-19 anxiety syndrome: A pandemic phenomenon? -, Luo M, Guo L, Yu M, Jiang W, Wang H. The psychological and mental impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on medical staff and general publica systematic review and meta-analysis. Batra K, Singh TP, Sharma M, Batra R, Schvaneveldt N. Investigating the psychological impact of COVID-19 among healthcare workers: a meta-analysis. Because the COVID-19 pandemic emerged recently, scientists are only beginning to understand the role of social media on users mental health. Path analysis examining the mediating role of negative affect and the interaction between social media use and the COVID19 stressor on psychological outcomes simultaneously (. Brief exposure to social media during the COVID-19 pandemic - PLOS Our data provide cross-sectional snapshots and longitudinal changes. While social media in digital platforms does help to promote social inclusion among adolescents and young adults, the risk associated with their excessive or problematic use cannot be overlooked [12]. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). 2020. Why Do Women Remember More Dreams Than Men Do? Six studies that dealt with anxiety symptoms and six with depression (Supplementary Material 11-1, 12-1) reported ORs and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) (n=9579 and n=13,241 for anxiety and depressive symptoms, respectively). As a result, the stigma surrounding mental health conditions may be decreasing. Passion, exercise, and meaningful relationships are a boon to brain health. Study data were extracted by two independent researchers (YRL and YJJ). Getting a professional assessment is critical. Moreover, path analysis showed negative affect mediated the relationship of social media use and mental health. How Does Social Media Affect Our Mental Health? -. The pandemic resulted in spikes in anxiety and depression in the general public. Kim SY, Park JE, Lee YJ, Seo H-J, Sheen S-S, Hahn S, et al. Table 1 shows the result of the meta-analysis about the relationship between time spent on social media and mental health outcomes (i.e., anxiety and depression) of the selected cross-sectional studies. The possibility of a reverse causal relationship cannot be ruled out. The COVID-19 pandemic has affected us in numerous ways and may consequently impact our relationships with pet dogs and cats. How COVID-19 News Affect Older Adults' Mental Health-Evidence of a Positivity Bias. doi: 10.1177/1359105320951620. National Library of Medicine A systematic review of the prevalence of anxiety symptoms during coronavirus epidemics. Funnel-plot analyses revealed symmetrical results (Supplementary Material 42). Comput Hum Behav. Even During the Pandemic, Social Media Didn't Help - Greater Good Students are at risk? [categorical] and How long (in hours) were you exposed to social media? JTravel Med. According to the new data, in 2021, more than a third (37%) of high school students reported they experienced poor mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic, and 44% reported they persistently felt sad or hopeless during the past year. There is no convincing evidence that depression is caused by serotonin abnormalities. Social media use and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic in young adults: a meta-analysis of 14 cross-sectional studies, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-13409-0, https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/metafor/metafor.pdf, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/. This feature series aims to empower readers to take control of their mental and emotional health. 8600 Rockville Pike Methods: Data were drawn from the COVID-19 Effects on the Mental and Physical Health of AAPI Survey Study (COMPASS) for the time period of October 2020 to February 2021. IntHout J, Ioannidis JP, Borm GF. Reports of death, illness, grief, unemployment, loss of businesses, food insecurity, evictions, and homelessness are constant reminders of the pandemic-related devastation that currently grips our nation. BMJ. Everybody realizes that mental strength and mental flexibility that is, mental and behavioral health and social wellness applies to all of us. For example, on September 14, 2021, the social media platform TikTok announced new features for its users to help provide resources for suicide prevention. 2015. https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/metafor/metafor.pdf. They completed measures of social media use, the COVID-19 stressor, negative affect, secondary traumatic stress (STS), depression, and anxiety as well as covariates. The author(s) read and approved the final manuscript. 2023 Jan 26;14:1071938. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1071938. 2021;12:1199. Publication bias was assessed by funnel plot analysis and Eggers test (Supplementary Material 41). 2023 Feb 15;20(4):3392. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20043392. Schwarzer G. meta: an R package for meta-analysis. Aiken, L.S. Writing review & editing: YRL, YJJ, SHK, JIS, YCJ, SJJ. 2020 Oct 1;3(10):e2025591. A systematic literature search of the PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases was performed to identify studies. Social media has created both significant new challenges and exciting opportunities. And mental health disorders, including anxiety and depression, can worsen. Data curation: SJJ, JIS, YCJ, YRL. Note, Path analysis examining the mediating role of negative affect and the interaction between, MeSH To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Still, there is ongoing debate on whether social media content regulation may increase mistrust and promote more social media posts reflecting inaccurate information. Researchers know the connection between the mind and the gut can turn anxiety and depression into nausea . Factors Associated With Mental Health Disorders Among University Students in France Confined During the COVID-19 Pandemic. A Survey Study Investigating Loneliness and its Association with Social Perceptions of dental undergraduates towards online education during COVID-19: assessment from India, Nepal and Sri Lanka. See this image and copyright information in PMC. Facebook's rollout had a larger effect on women's mental health than on men's mental health, the study showed. Haddad JM, Macenski C, Mosier-Mills A, Hibara A, Kester K, Schneider M, Conrad RC, Liu CH. What Role has Social Media Played in COVID-19? - News-Medical.net While we are all impacted in differing ways by social media consumption, the continual flow of negative and misinformation during the past 18 months have spread fear; the highlighting of social and political issues has reduced optimism; and edited photos and toxically positive content leave no space to feel secure or express negative emotions healthily. Social media use has been on the rise since its debut in 1995. All included studies were cross-sectional studies. The study was rated as high quality only if the evaluation of both raters was congruent. anxiety & depression) in cross-sectional studies. Wathelet M, Duhem S, Vaiva G, Baubet T, Habran E, Veerapa E, Debien C, Molenda S, Horn M, Grandgenvre P, Notredame CE, D'Hondt F. JAMA Netw Open. First, all the studies included were cross-sectional design. Objective: We examined social support and technology use and their relationships with mental and physical health outcomes through the COVID-19 pandemic among AAPIs. J Med Internet Res. Second, the results do not represent the general population since most of the studies recruited participants through a web-based survey, which may have had a selection bias. The 16 studies were divided into the positive, negative and neutral effects of social media. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Project administration: SJJ. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. PostedDecember 4, 2020 Association of Social Media Use With Mental Health Conditions of Nonpatients During the COVID-19 Outbreak: Insights from a National Survey Study. 2023 Mar 15;325:747-754. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.01.009. The Impacts of Social Media Use and Online Racial Discrimination on Asian American Mental Health: Cross-sectional Survey in the United States During COVID-19 JMIR Form Res. Rapid transition to the new remote educational environment and telecommuting may trigger mental health issues [29]. National Library of Medicine 2021 Aug;67(5):576-586. doi: 10.1177/0020764020944200. 2022 May 3;17(5):e0267555. Proc Natl Acad Sci. doi: 10.1017/S2045796020000931. Fear of COVID-19 may be compounded by coexisting depression and anxiety disorders [27]. 2018;226:27481. Person B, Sy F, Holton K, Govert B, Liang A. This study examines mental health among U.S college students during the subsequent 2020-2021 academic year by surveying students at the end of the fall 2020 and the spring 2021 semesters. Correspondence to 2023 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. Many old and new platforms became the primary means to stay current with accurate news and health information, connect to loved ones, participate in viral challenges, and stay on top of celebrity gossip. Brooks SK, Webster RK, Smith LE, Woodland L, Wessely S, Greenberg N, et al. Harrer M, Cuijpers P, Furukawa TA, Ebert DD. 2020. Bao, Y. , Sun, Y. , Meng, S. , Shi, J. , & Lu, L. (2020). The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Like anything, when used appropriately and in moderation, the effects are mild, and the sense of connection and belonging . Can diet help improve depression symptoms? Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the preference centre. eCollection 2023. Stress reactions due to pandemic-related information overload. Coping with COVID-19: How Young People Use Digital Media to Manage Mental health problems and correlates among 746 217 college students during the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak in China. No ethical approval and patient consent are required since this study data is based on published literature. A new study has revealed how people's creativity evolved during the first COVID-19 lockdown and the three factors that may have influenced it. Each item is measured as having a high risk of bias, low risk of bias, or uncertain. For example, based on participant selection, each researcher marked an article as having a high risk of bias if, for example, the patient definitions of depression were generated by self-reported data. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. According to a Pew Research Center survey conducted between August 31 and September 7, 2020, about 53% of adults in the U.S. get their news from social media. A systematic literature review before the COVID-19 outbreak (2019) found that the time spent by adolescents on social media was associated with depression, anxiety, and psychological distress [21]. doi: 10.1017/S2045796020000931. High-quality studies had low inter-study heterogeneity (anxiety: I2=0.00%; depression: I2=0.00%). As a result of strong quarantine measures, private meetings, gatherings, and physical contact with intimate relatives have been reduced [1]. The negative consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic are far-reaching, especially regarding mental health. To begin, the most obvious benefit that arises from the use of social media is the ability to stay connected with friends and family. All rights reserved. [3] [4] According to the UN health agency WHO, in the first year of the . The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the The Impact of Social Media on College Mental Health During the COVID-19 The current study examines the impact of COVID-19 on the mental health among young adults in the US, how they use social media and the social support they obtain from the online environment, and the effect on their mental health during stay-at-home orders. 2012;2(3):e001001. Int J Environ Res Public Health. And I see very hopeful signs that by using social media and technology and accessing the best that behavioral mental science can bring to us, we can speed up the natural process that happens of acquiring wisdom. In addition, having a social media-free day can positively affect mental well-being. 2023 Feb 23;20(5):3950. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20053950. Publication date restrictions are from March 2020 to December 20, 2020. The purpose of the study was to summarise the association between the time spent on social media platform during the COVID-19 quarantine and mental health outcomes (i.e., anxiety and depression). Testing a tool for assessing the risk of bias for nonrandomized studies showed moderate reliability and promising validity. The Fear of COVID19 Scale: Development and initial validation. NCI CPTC Antibody Characterization Program, da Silva ML, Rocha RSB, Buheji M, Jahrami H, Cunha KDC. In addition, excessive exposure to disaster on social media may trigger negative affect, which may in turn contribute to mental health problems. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. Studies investigating the association between time spent on social media and mental health outcomes (e.g., anxiety and depression) were summarised in Supplementary Material 1. Feelings of anxiety, depression, increased irritability, and excessive worry are likely consequences of being exposed (or overexposed) to this information. 2021;6(2):159-66. Emerg Infect Dis. Research is beginning to uncover how specific social media experiences may influence youth mental health. Part of Marino C, Gini G, Vieno A, Spada MM. Moreover, suicide is the second leading cause of death in 1529-year-olds. Methodology: JIS, YCJ, YRL, SJJ. Relationships between physical activity, body image, BMI, depression and anxiety in Chinese college students during the COVID-19 pandemic. OR twitter/exp. However, the impact of COVID-19 on mental health outcomes among adolescents remains understudied. Revenge bedtime procrastination: A plight of our times? COVID-19 and your mental health - Mayo Clinic He noted that this exposure will also include the overwhelming reality of worldwide events as they are happening. The authors would like to thank the Editage (www.editage.co.kr) for English language editing. Adjusting to the "New Normal": How were mental health and self-care Exposure to hate speech on social media also is on the rise. The increase in the time spent using social media platforms were associated with anxiety symptoms in overall studies (pooled OR=1.55, 95% CI: 1.301.85), and the heterogeneity between studies was mild (I2=26.77%). This Special Feature looks at the emerging phenomenon of COVID-19 anxiety syndrome and offers some tips on coping with it. Flowchart of literature search and selection of the publications. | sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal The ultimate intention is for us to become the masters of social media, rather than social media become the masters of us.. Recent findings: Here are a few that we have noted: As we spend more time at home, our overall use of technology has increased. The extracted information is as follows: country of study, participant group sampled, age group of sample, date of data collection, mental health measures, effect size information, social media use time, and whether the adjustment was made for each analysis (see Supplementary Material 1). Those processes have been toxic from the beginning, but exposure to those processes as a daily diet is new. The COVID-19 pandemic acts as a moderator by strengthening the relationship between social media use and mental health. Batra K, Sharma M, Batra R, Singh TP, Schvaneveldt N. Assessing the psychological impact of COVID-19 among college students: An evidence of 15 countries. Sometimes we end up alone without wanting to be. He also explained that social media keeps people connected to friends and family, especially during social distancing with limited physical interactions. Is social media partly to blame? eCollection 2022. Are Women More Attracted to Men With Tattoos? And it gives us great opportunities.. Biometrics. In terms of excessive use, the advantages gained from social media use to dispel mental stress can go into reverse: overuse can pose an increased risk to mental health. Fung IC-H, Tse ZTH, Cheung C-N, Miu AS, Fu K-W. Ebola and the social media; 2014. [However], there are features inside social media that have expanded human consciousness. Validation and Psychometric Evaluation of the Italian Version of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale. Ahorsu, D.K. Interaction effects of social media use and the COVID19 stressor on depression. For many, social media has become a lifeline to the outside world, especially as people look for ways to remain connected and entertained. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Influence of social media on mental health: a systematic review During the pandemic, TikTok served as a way for teens to connect with others over sharing a mental health illness. Anxiety disorders are common conditions affecting nearly 20% of U.S. adults annually. On a global scale, social media can be a way for people to gather information, share ideas, and reach out to others facing similar challenges. This begs the question, what is the relationship between social media use and college student mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic? Instead of face-to-face interaction, people used social media and text . The pooled effect sizes, Cochranes Q, and I2 to assess heterogeneity were calculated. Potential effects of social distancing measures and school lockdown on child and adolescent mental health. 2020;395(10227):91220. A research report published in Frontiers in Psychology suggests that there is an association between pandemic threats and extensive anxiety and concern among the public. Estimates presented in odds ratios (OR). Advanc Med Educ Pract. How Blame and Shame Can Fuel Depression in Rape Victims, Getting More Hugs Is Linked to Fewer Symptoms of Depression, Interacting With Outgroup Members Reduces Prejudice. PMC A controversial study helps explain the impact of pets on child development. -, Machado DB, Alves FJO1, Teixeira CSS, Rocha AS, Castro-de-Araujo LF, Singh A, et al. Interaction effects of social media use and the COVID19 stressor on depression. The site is secure. The Social Dilemma: Social Media and Your Mental Health The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the mental health of people across the globe. Study finds little evidence of negative impact on mental health from Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Unverified information and opinions can be easily disseminated on social media platform and perceived as facts without verification. Terms and Conditions, Heliyon. By using this website, you agree to our The Comprehensive R Archive Network Package metafor. Writing original draft: YRL, YJJ, SHK, SJJ. After applying the trim-and-fill method, the funnel plot revealed no asymmetry (Supplementary Material 5), indicating no significant publication bias. Book However, prolonged use of social media by the isolated could be a double-edged sword that can adversely affect mental health due to sustained exposure to excessive information and misinformation [9,10,11]. However, the estimates of inter-study heterogeneity of these meta-analysis were relatively high (meta-analysis of 11 studies: I2=92.4%; meta-analysis of 23 studies: I2=62.00% for anxiety, I2=80.58% for depression) compared to the analysis, which implies relatively higher homogeneity of the study population and reliable results. PLoS One. The site is secure. 2023 Mar 18;10(4):ofad142. eCollection 2023 Apr. The final studies after retrieval measured the amount of time spent on social media, which was either categorical or continuous variables (see Supplementary Material 1). The Impact of Social Media on College Mental Health During the COVID-19 Pandemic: a Multinational Review of the Existing Literature Authors Jessica M Haddad 1 2 , Christina Macenski 3 4 , Alison Mosier-Mills 4 , Alice Hibara 5 , Katherine Kester 4 , Marguerite Schneider 4 6 , Rachel C Conrad 3 4 , Cindy H Liu 3 4 7 Affiliations anxiety and depression). Google Scholar. According to Chambers: Social media platforms have a key role to play in how their products impact on the mental health and well-being of their users. COVID-19 misinformation and its impact on mental health. FOIA Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2021 Oct 6;23(11):70. doi: 10.1007/s11920-021-01288-y. Overexposure to inaccurate and false information can be confusing and overwhelming, ultimately leading to increased anxiety, mistrust, stress, and depression. Epub 2023 Jan 13. He suggests that social media platforms could consider improvements to build in mental well-being protection, including: According to Chambers, when it comes to [using] social media, both moderation of time and content consumed and intentionality play a significant part in garnering the benefits and reducing the downsides.. 2020 Nov 13;29:e181. MNT is the registered trade mark of Healthline Media. Analyzing an Emerging Pandemic on Twitter: Monkeypox. As summarised in Supplementary material 1 and 8, 13 papers studied anxiety as an outcome (6 studies in odds ratio, 3 in regression coefficient, 4 in Pearsons r), and a total of 9 papers studied depression as an outcome (6 studies in odds ratio, 3 in regression coefficient). New research suggests there may be an association. PubMed Central Pandemic mental health: The role of social media - Medical News Today Despite these limitations, this study exhibits a number of strengths; to the best of our knowledge, the study is the first meta-analysis to examine the relationship between use of social media and mental health outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic, to validate the results by various verification methods such as trim-and-fill methods, influential analysis, and heterogeneity analysis. Elucidating the impact of health risks of COVID-19 on emotional exhaustion and academic performance: role of mindfulness and online interaction quality. As government health organizations used it to relay recent findings on prevention and treatment, social media became more than a place to post the latest vacation photos it became a hub of pandemic-related information. 2000;56(2):45563. Or has it had the opposite effect? The pooled results are in line with previous systematic reviews and meta-analysis performed before the pandemic. There's no shortage of evidence that social media can worsen depression and anxiety. The prevalence of depression, anxiety and combination of depression and anxiety (CDA) was 48.3% (95%CI: 46.9%-49.7%), 22.6% (95%CI: 21.4%-23.8%) and 19.4% (95%CI: 18.3%-20.6%) during COVID-19 outbroke in Wuhan, China. Study findings. Online mental health services in China during the COVID-19 outbreak. A sample of 512 (62.5% women; Mage = 22.12 years, SD = 2.47) Chinese college students participated in this study from 24 March to 1 April 2020 via online questionnaire. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), mental health conditions are on the rise. Benefits for neurotransmitters, inflammation, and more. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Also, implementation of social distancing mandates new norms limiting physical conducts in almost all sectors of life, including educational institutes and vocational venue. Antecedents and Consequences of Misinformation Sharing Behavior among Adults on Social Media during COVID-19. According to one study, attempts to reduce the spread of misinformation by fact-checking and flagging posts with inaccuracies may help reduce the influence of false information for some people. Exploring the effects of social media on mental health during COVID The positive effect of social media while COVID. Methods: We enrolled 20 adolescents who were engaged in care . Why do we procrastinate on sleep when we know that it might affect our productivity? More exposure to disaster news via social media was associated with greater depression for participants with high (but not low) levels of the disaster stressor. Doing meta-analysis with R: a hands-on guide. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. Bookshelf Eligibility flow diagram of study selection, MeSH 2). Our Special Feature delves into these issues. Get the help you need from a therapist near youa FREE service from Psychology Today. 2020. The increase in social media use time was also associated with depressive symptoms (pooled OR=1.43, 95% CI: 1.301.85, prediction intervals: [0.822.49]), and the heterogeneity between studies was moderate (I2=67.16%) (see Fig. Social Media Use, Fake News and Mental Health during the Uncertain The Impact of Social Media on College Mental Health During the COVID-19 Pandemic: a Multinational Review of the Existing Literature. Funding acquisition: SJJ. Practice Improves the Potential for Future Plasticity, How Financial Infidelity Can Affect Your Gray Divorce, Carlin Barnes, MD and Marketa Wills, MD, MBA, How COVID-19 Changed the Landscape of Mental Health Care, How to Get a Loved One the Help They Deserve, The Importance of Mental Health Awareness Month, 8 Reasons to Try Low-Carb for Mental Health, Why People Should Stop Bragging on Social Media, Social Media and the Rising Trend of Cosmetic Surgery, Why Forgiving Does Not Require an Apology, How to Counter TikToks Mental Health Misinformation. Springer Nature. 2004;10(2):358. Furthermore, the authors suggest that exposure to negative reports and posts may contribute to the risk of depression in some people.